[168] This term is nowadays limited to the drawing action of a blister, _cf._ p. 223. [169] The radicles of the hepatic ducts in the liver were supposed to be the active agents in extracting bile from the blood. _cf._ pp. 145-149. [170] _Anadosis_; _cf._ p. 13, note 5 (26). [171] The term [Greek: koilia] is used both specifically for the stomach proper and also (as probably here) in a somewhat wider sense for the stomach _region_, including the adjacent part of the small intestine; this was the part of the alimentary canal from which nutriment was believed to be absorbed by the mesenteric veins; _cf._ p. 309, note 2 (382). [172] _cf._ p. 100, note 2 (152); p. 167, note 2 (234). [173] A characteristic "lesion" in Erasistratus's pathology. [174] A certain subordinate place allowed to the horror vacui. [175] _i.e._ the parts to which the veins convey blood after it leaves the liver--second stage of _anadosis_; _cf._ p. 91, note 2 (138); p. 13, note 5 (26). [176] What we now call the pulmonary artery. Galen believed that the right ventricle existed for the purpose of sending nutrient blood to the lungs. [177] Lit. owing to the ongrowth (_epiphysis_) of membranes; he means the tricuspid valve; _cf._ p. 314, note 2 (387); p. 321, note 4 (398). [178] Horror vacui. [179] But Erasistratus had never upheld this in the case of urinary secretion, _cf._ p. 99. [180] This was the characteristically "anatomical" explanation of bile-secretion made by Erasistratus. _cf._ p. 170, note 2 (241). Why, then, says Galen, does not urine, rather than bile, enter the bile-ducts? [181] Urine, or, more exactly, blood-serum. [182] Or ducts, canals, conduits, _i.e._ _morphological_ factors. [183] Or artistic skill, "artistry." _cf._ Book I., chap. xii. [184] "Only"; _cf._ Introd., p. xxviii. [185] Note how Galen, although he has not yet clearly differentiated physiological from physical processes (both are "natural") yet separates them definitely from the psychical. _cf._ p. 2, footnote (5). A _psychical_ function or activity is, in Latin, _actio animalis_ (from _anima_ = _psyche_). [186] The stage of organogenesis or _diaplasis_; cf. p. 25, note 4 (49). [187] The spermatozoon now becomes an "organism" proper. [188] Galen attributed to the sperma or semen what we should to the fertilized ovum: to him the maternal contribution is purely passive--mere food for the sperm. The epoch-making Ovum Theory was not developed till the seventeenth century. _cf._ p. 19, note 3 (34). [189] _i.e._ we should be talking psychology, not biology; _cf._ stomach, p. 307, note 3 (380). [190] Attraction now described not merely as _qualitative_ but also as _quantitative_. _cf._ p. 85, note 3 (130).