[308] Herophilus of Chalcedon (_circa_ 300 B.C.) was, like Erasistratus, a representative of the anatomical school of Alexandria. His book on Midwifery was known for centuries. _cf._ Introduction, p. xii. [309] Relaxation of utero-sacral ligaments as an important predisposing cause of prolapsus uteri. [310] That is, at the end of the first stage of labour. [311] The pylorus. [312] "Chylosis," chylification. _cf._ p. 240, note 1 (314). [313] Lit. barley-"chyle," _i.e._ barley-water. [314] _i.e._ not the mere mechanical breaking down of food, but a distinctively vital action of "alteration." [315] _Pepsis._ [316] Book I., chaps. x., xi. [317] _cf._ p. 222, note 1 (299). [318] _Choledochous_. [319] More exactly _peristolé_; _cf._ p. 97, note 1 (146). [320] Neuburger says of Erasistratus that "dissection had taught him to think in terms of anatomy." It was chiefly the gross movements or structure of organs with which he concerned himself. Where an organ had no obvious function, he dubbed it "useless"; _e.g._ the spleen (_cf._ p. 143). [321] _i.e._ contracting and dilating; no longitudinal movements involved; _cf._ p. 263, note 2 (341). [322] _cf._ p. 282, note 1 (356). [323] Book II., chaps. ii. and viii. [324] Note use of psychological terms in biology. _cf._ also p. 133, note 3 (191). [325] "In everything." _cf._ p. 66, note 3 (104). [326] Galen confuses the nutrition of organs with that of the ultimate living elements or cells; the stomach does not, of course, feed itself in the way a cell does. _cf._ Introduction, p. xxxii. [327] _cf._ Asclepiades's theory regarding the urine, p. 51. [328] The process of _application_ or _prosthesis_. _cf._ p. 223, note 3 (301). [329] Mutual influence of organism and environment. [330] Qualitative change. _cf._ Book I., chap. ii. [331] Apparently skin-diseases in which a superficial crust (resembling the lichen on a tree-trunk) forms--_e.g._ psoriasis. [332] Note especially pneuma and innate heat, which practically stand for oxygen and the heat generated in oxidation. _cf._ p. 41, note 3 (70). [333] Book I., chap. x. [334] That is to say, faeces are obviously altered food. This alteration cannot have taken place entirely in the small intestine: therefore alteration of food must take place in the stomach. [335] _cf._ p. 39. [336] Asclepiades held that there was no such thing as real qualitative change; the food was merely broken up into its constituent molecules, and absorbed unaltered. _cf._ p. 49, note 5 (82). [337] _i.e._ denial of forethought in the Physis. [338] _v._ p. 9, _et passim_. [339] _cf._ p. 97.