[355] The urinary bladders of pigs (such as Galen dissected) are thin, and appear to have only one coat. [356] _cf._ p. 243. [357] My suggestion is that Galen refers to (1) the _mucous_ coat, with its _valvulae conniventes_, and (2) the _muscular_ coat, of which the chief layer is made up of circular fibres. _cf._ p. 262, note 1 (340). [358] Or _utility_. [359] Relationship between physiology and pathology again emphasized. _cf._ p. 188, note 2 (267). [360] Or physicist--the investigator of the Physis or Nature. _cf._ p. 196, note 2 (274). Note here the use of analogical reasoning. _cf._ p. 113, note 2 (166). [361] _cf._ p. 95. [362] I. xiii.; II. ii. [363] Galen's idea is that if reversal of the direction of flow can occur in the _primae viae_ (in vomiting), it may also be expected to occur in the _secundae viae_ or absorptive channels. [364] For this "delivery," "up-yield," or _anadosis_, _v._ p. 13, note 5 (26). [365] The mesenteric veins. [366] Linacre renders: "Una omnium confluxio ac conspiratio"; and he adds the marginal note "Totum corpus nostrum est conspirabile et confluxile per meatus communes." _cf._ p. 48. [367] The alimentary canal, as not being edible, is not considered a _splanchnon_ or viscus. [368] Lit. _rheums_; hence our term _rheumatism_. [369] Here Galen apparently indicates that vital functions are at least partly explicable in terms of mechanical law. _cf._ Introduction, p. xxviii. [370] _cf._ pp. 211, 247. [371] See p. 298, note 1 (369). [372] The ends of the veins in the alimentary canal from which absorption or _anadosis_ had originally taken place. [373] _Diathesis_. [374] _Diathesis_. [375] _Pathos_. [376] He means, not only under the stress of special circumstances, but also normally. [377] Lit. "rough artery." The air-passages as well as the arteries proper were supposed by the Greeks to carry air (pneuma); diastole of arteries was, like expansion of the chest, a movement for drawing in air. _cf._ p. 317, note 1 (390). [378] _cf._ p. 39, chap. xi. [379] Lit. _orexis_. [380] Lit. a "physical" organ; that is, a mere instrument or organon of the Physis,--not one of the Psyche or conscious personality. _cf._ semen, p. 132, note 1 (189). [381] _cf._ p. 317, note 2 (391); p. 319, chap. xv. [382] Note that absorption takes place from the stomach as well as the intestines. _cf._ p. 118, note 1 (171). [383] That is, among the ultimate tissues or cells. [384] Pp. 205-9. [385] By this term, of course, the air-passages are also meant; _cf._ p. 305. [386] _cf._ p. 34, note 1 (57). [387] _cf._ p. 121, note 4 (177).