the first was the threat of torture, still outside the torture chamber in the ordinary court, called _territio verbalis_,[444] which proceeding we find in the examination of Galileo on 21st June. The expression “_examen rigorosum_” in the sentence, appears therefore, taking it to indicate torture in a general sense, fully justified by historical facts. It would be more difficult to prove that “_examen rigorosum_” in the sentence meant actual torture, or _territio realis_. According to the rules of the Holy Office, a number of strict regulations were prescribed for the procedure, which began with taking the accused into the torture chamber, and the neglect of any one of them made the whole examination null and void. The most important were as follows: First, a short final examination had to take place outside the torture chamber, at which the accused was told that he had better confess, or recourse will be had to torture. (This took place precisely according to the rules of the Holy Office at Galileo’s trial at the examination on 21st June.) If the accused persisted, and if in a special Congregation for this case the necessity of recourse to torture had previously been agreed upon[445] (this must have taken place in the Congregation of 16th June), the judge had to order the removal of the accused, to the torture chamber by a special formal decree, as follows:—“Tunc D.D. sedentes ... visa pertinacia et obstinatione ipsius constitati, visoque et mature considerato toto tenore processus ... decreverunt, ipsum constituum esse torquendum tormento funis pro veritate habendo.... Et ideo mandaverunt ipsum constitutum duci ad locum tormentorum.”[446] Second, a notary of the Inquisition had to be present in the torture chamber, and the judges had to see “that he noted down not only all the answers of the accused, but all his expressions and movements, every word that he uttered on the rack, even every sigh, cry, and groan.”[447] Third, within twenty-four hours after his release from the torture chamber, the accused had to ratify all his utterances under the torments of the rack, or under threat of them, in the usual court. Otherwise the whole proceeding was null and void.[448]