Here, the great Jefferson may be quoted with propriety: “It is a common idea that games of chance are immoral. But what is chance? Nothing happens in this world without a cause. If we know the cause, we do not call it chance, but if we do not know it, we say it was produced by chance. If we see a loaded die turn its lightest side up, we know the cause, and that it is not an effect produced by chance; but whatever side an unloaded die turns up, not knowing the cause, we say it is the effect of chance. Yet, the morality of the thing cannot depend on our knowledge or ignorance of its cause. Not knowing _why_ a particular side of an unloaded die turns up, cannot make the act of throwing, or of betting on it, immoral. If we consider games of chance immoral, then every pursuit of human industry is immoral, for there is not a single one that is not subject to chance; not one, wherein you do not risk a loss for the chance of some gain.” In “Paradise Lost,” Milton declares: “Next him, high arbiter, _Chance_ governs all!” And of mankind we read in Ecclesiastes that “time and _chance_ happeneth to them”--mankind. (9:11). Among the Hebrews, property was divided and disputes were decided, “by lot.” The custom is mentioned by Solomon, Matthew and Luke. (Prov. 16:33; Matt. 27:35; Luke 10.) Furthermore, this mode of appeal to destiny is sanctioned, yea, even prescribed, by the Bible. According to Leviticus, Aaron was commanded “to take the two goats, and present them before the Lord, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. And Aaron shall _cast lots_ upon the two goats; one lot for the Lord and the other lot for the scape-goat. And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the Lord’s lot fell, and offer him for a sin offering. But the goat on which the lot fell to be the scape-goat, shall be presented alive before the Lord, to make an atonement with him and to let him go for a scape-goat into the wilderness.” (16:7, 8, 9.) _Thus was chance invested with the sanctity of a religious observance._ Moses was instructed that the “Promised Land” should be divided among the Hebrews “by lot.” The method is described in Numbers: “Notwithstanding, the land shall be divided by lot, according to the names of the tribes of their fathers shall they inherit. According to lot shall the possession thereof be divided between many and few.” This direction was followed to the letter by “Eleazar, the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel;” for we are told in Joshua, that “By lot was their inheritance; as the Lord commanded by the hand of Moses, for the nine tribes and for the half tribe.” (Josh 14:1, 2; 18:6.) _Luck, then, decided the tenure of the tribes in Canaan--a title dictated by Divinity._