of the Hindus, though living under the same Government with them. Since the Balkan wars, however, on account of their intense hatred towards the British Government for their failure to assist their co-religionists in the West, they found it politic to approach the Hindus. Then followed the internment of the brothers which naturally still more embittered their feelings towards the Government. During the internment they did not cease to preach sermons of virulence against the Government, and even after their release they did not cease their propaganda of hatred against the British Government. The independence of India--no doubt as a preliminary step towards a subsequent Mahomedan domination in India--was as much their object as the full restoration of the Khilafat domination to its pre-war condition. This was avowed by the Ali Brothers themselves. Mr. Shaukat Ali said in April 1920:-- "We do not embark on this step without fully realising what it means. It means a movement for absolute independence." In fact, to those who know them or who have read the proceedings of their trial no evidence of this kind is required. At the Khilafat Conference in Karachi--of which they were the guiding spirits--held on the 9th of July 1921 the following resolution calling upon the Mohomedan sepoys to desert in the name of religion was passed: "The meeting clearly proclaims that it is in every way religiously unlawful for a Mussalman at the present movement to continue in the British Army or to induce others to join the army, and it is the duty of all the Mussalmans in general and Ulemas in particular to see that these religious commandments are brought home to every Mussalman in the army and that if no settlement is arrived at before Christmas regarding our campaign an Indian republic will be declared at the Ahmedabad sessions of the Congress."