Noted deposits of tourmaline are located in the Ural Mountains of Russia, Ceylon, Burma, South-West Africa, Madagascar, Brazil, Maine, and California. Crystals from each of these localities seem to have their own color specialties. The deposits in San Diego County, Calif., are unique in that all colors except brown are found there. In the early 1900’s pink and red tourmaline was shipped from there to China for carving, but this thriving trade stopped with the end of Chinese imperial reign. The tourmaline deposits at Paris, Auburn, and Hebron, Maine, have furnished a number of excellent gems, especially of blue and green colors. VARIETIES Achroite: Colorless Indicolite: Blue Dravite: Brown Schorl: Black Rubellite: Pink ZIRCON Zircon, because of its high refractive index and high dispersion, approaches diamond in degree of brilliance and fire. On only casual examination it is quite possible to mistake a well-cut, colorless zircon for a diamond. However, a careful examination of the back facets of such a stone, when viewed through the table, would show strong double refraction, a characteristic of zircon but not of diamond. Zircon’s double refraction makes the back facet edges appear doubled. Since diamond is “singly refracting,” it cannot produce this double appearance of the back facets. Zircon is brittle and has a hardness of just over 7, while diamond’s hardness, as we have seen, is rated at 10. After being worn in jewelry for a long period of time, zircon will show signs of chipping on the facet edges. Under the same conditions, diamond would remain unchanged. Because of this tendency for facet edges to chip, it is the practice in the gem trade to pack cut zircons separately. If a number of zircons were placed in the same paper packet there would be a risk of “paper wear.” In the gem trade, the most important zircons are those that are colorless, golden brown, or sky blue. Such stones originally were reddish brown zircon pebbles from Indochina, but they have been converted by being subjected to temperatures approaching 1800° F. for periods of up to two hours. When the original zircons are heated in a closed container, the stones become blue or colorless; when a flow of air is allowed through the container, the stones become golden yellow, red, or colorless. In most of these converted stones the color remains quite stable, but in some it may revert to an unattractive greenish or brownish blue after a period of time. [Illustration: The beautiful colors of these brilliant zircons are the result of heat treatment given to natural, reddish brown stream pebbles. The three stones at the left (from top) weigh 118, 103, and 98 carats, and the ones on the right weigh 106 and 29 carats. The 106-carat stone came from Thailand, the others from Indochina. (Four-fifths actual size.)]