General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
1st. There are organs that have the most acute sensibility upon the
slightest touch, and which however receive very few apparent nerves;
such is the medullary membrane of the long bones. 2d. Certain organs
in which the cerebral nerves evidently enter, as the liver, the lungs,
&c. can be irritated in animals, without seeming to give them much
pain. 3d. The muscles of animal life, in the structure of which so many
nerves enter, in which also the branches of these perform so great a
part as it relates to animal contractility, do not occasion much pain
when their texture is cut without entangling the nervous filaments that
penetrate them. 4th. The ligaments, that no nerve enters, are the seat
of acute pain when they are distended, as my experiments have proved.
It is the same as it respects the tendons, the aponeuroses, &c. 5th.
All the organs with the structure of which the nervous system has
manifestly no connexion, transmit however to the brain the most painful
impressions when they are inflamed, &c. &c.
I could bring many other facts, which the opponents of Haller have
carefully collected; but these are such, that we cannot hesitate to
admit, that the opinion of this celebrated physiologist should not be
entirely acceded to.
All that we know upon the internal sensations is, that, 1st. there is
an organ in which the cause of sensation is seated; 2d. that this organ
transmits to the brain the particular modifications that it experiences
in its vital forces. But we are wholly ignorant of the medium of
communication of one with the other. Hence, why, in my division of the
vital forces, I have avoided a systematic basis. The distinction of the
two kinds of sensibility, of the three kinds of contractility, rests
wholly upon the observation of facts. Such is the obscurity of the
phenomena of life, that I doubt if we shall ever be able to establish
divisions from a knowledge of the nature and essence of the vital
forces.
I observe that there is a great difference between animal sensibility
and contractility; that in the first, the nerves are in certain cases
the evident agents of communication between the organs that receive the
impression and the brain that perceives it, but that in other cases,
we know not the kind of relation; whilst in the second, it is always
manifestly by the nerves that the brain communicates with the muscles,
and that the organs can never execute a voluntary motion without the
influence of the cerebral nerves.
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