General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
The adhesion is very great between the fleshy and tendinous fibre.
Yet by macerating them a long time or subjecting them to ebullition,
they gradually separate from each other. I have observed that in young
subjects the union was much less intimate; thus by scraping at this age
the tendon with a scalpel, we remove from it the muscle, without its
ever appearing again; the polish is almost the same where the fibres
are inserted, as where they are naturally wanting. The extremity of the
tendon fixed to the bone, intermixes with the periosteum as it usually
expands; so that it is with this membrane, and not with the bone
itself, that the tendon makes part, because in fact it is the membrane
which is of the same nature; thus if it finds an analogous membrane,
it fixes to it equally, as we see in the insertion of the straight and
oblique muscles in the sclerotica, of the ischio and bulbo-cavernous
ones in the membrane of the corpus cavernosum. In general the tendons
never unite but to fibrous membranes; the serous, the mucous, every
organ in a word, foreign to the fibrous system, is also heterogeneous
to them.
II. _Organization of the Tendons._
The fibrous texture is extremely compact in the tendons; many appear
homogeneous at first view; but by examining them with care, we soon
distinguish fibres, connected by a small quantity of compact cellular
texture. Ebullition renders these fibres very evident; when we plunge
suddenly the tendon into boiling water at the place where it has
been cut transversely, they become a little thicker at this divided
extremity, swell as it were and are thus very evident. At the place
where they expand to form an aponeurosis or to unite to the periosteum,
these fibres can be distinctly seen without any preparation. On the
other hand, as we can always, as I have said, reduce artificially a
macerated tendon to an aponeurosis, and as in this state of maceration,
soft and loose, it yields to all the forms we wish to give it, it is
an excellent means of distinguishing the tendinous fibres. In this
experiment so easily repeated, I have never seen the spiral form of the
tendinous cylinders, of which some modern authors have spoken. These
fibres are in the tendon as at the place where they separate to form an
aponeurosis, that is to say in a right line.
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