General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
In general I have constantly observed that the animal contractility
ceases after death, first in the brain, then in the spinal marrow and
last in the nerves. When the muscles no longer move by irritating
the first of these organs, they contract by stimulating the others.
The irritated nerves can still communicate a motion, when the spinal
marrow, no longer exhibits this phenomenon. I have not observed that
the superior part of the nerve ceased sooner to transmit motion, than
the inferior. But what is remarkable is that certain nerves, under
the influence of the same irritation, make their muscles contract
more strongly than others; such for example is the phrenic. When all
the other muscles cease to be moveable by the artificial excitement
of their nerves, the diaphragm is still moved by this means. Whilst
experiments have but little effect elsewhere, they are in full force
upon this muscle; this is the more remarkable, as during life this is
precisely the one which is the least affected by the state of the brain
and the spinal marrow; paralysis and convulsions hardly ever affect it,
as we have seen.
Besides, in thus comparing the duration of animal contractility, the
same stimulant should always be employed; for the effects are more or
less evident according to those which we use. When the whole brain and
the nerves are no longer sensible to mechanical or chemical agents,
they still powerfully obey galvanic impulses. The irritation of the
metals is of all the means at present known, the most efficacious in
perpetuating animal contractility some time after death.
_Organic Properties._
Organic sensibility is the manifest portion of the muscles of which
we are treating; constantly brought into action in them by nutrition,
absorption and exhalation, it becomes still more apparent, when we
irritate muscles that are laid bare; they feel this irritation, and
the motion, of which we shall speak hereafter, is the result of this
feeling which is centred in the muscle, and which is not referable to
the brain.
Insensible organic contractility is the attribute of this muscular
system, as of all the others.
The sensible organic contractility is very evident in it. If we lay
bare a muscle in a living animal, and irritate it with any agent,
it curls up, contracts and is agitated. A detached muscular portion
exhibits for some instants the same phenomenon.
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