The same nerves going to the stomach, the same experiment serves to prove the cerebral influence upon this viscus. Now the division of that of one side is usually nothing upon it; that of both soon produces a remarkable derangement in it. But this derangement is wholly different from that which follows the section of the nerve of a muscle of animal life, which becomes suddenly immoveable, whilst that on the contrary the stomach not communicating with the brain except by the par vagum, seems to acquire in an instant an increase of power; it contracts and hence the spasmodic vomitings that are almost always observed during the two or three days that the animal survives the experiment, vomitings that I have constantly noticed in dogs, and which Haller and Cruikshank had before observed. It appears then from this, that though the brain has a real influence upon the stomach, this influence is of a nature wholly different from that which it exerts upon the voluntary muscles. I would observe however that the irritation of one branch of the par vagum, or of both, makes the stomach immediately contract, as happens in a voluntary muscle when we irritate its nerve. It is necessary, in order to make this experiment, to open the abdomen of a living animal, and afterwards to irritate the eighth pair in the region of the neck, so as to have in sight the organ that we make contract. The bladder and the rectum appear to approximate the voluntary muscles, in their relation with the brain, more than the stomach and the heart. We know that falls on the sacrum, from which arises a shock of the inferior part of the spinal marrow, produce retention of urine; that they strike, as it were, this organ with the same paralysis as the inferior extremities, which then also cease to move. Yet as the bladder is very powerfully assisted in its functions by the abdominal muscles, by the levator ani and other voluntary muscles which surround it, the immobility of these muscles contributes much to the inability to evacuate the urine. That which makes me think so, is that, 1st, the irritation of the spinal marrow towards its inferior part which puts in motion all the voluntary muscles of the inferior extremities and of the pelvis, does not produce any effect upon this part. I have convinced myself of this fact many times upon dogs and guinea-pigs. 2d. By irritating the nerves coming from the sacral foramina and going to the bladder, nerves that it is often very difficult to find, on account of the blood in an animal recently killed, I have seen this muscle remain immoveable. On the contrary all these nerves having been cut, the injection of a fluid slightly stimulant makes it contract with force. 3d. In experiments upon living animals, as in surgical operations, the violence of the pain which sometimes produces spasmodic contractions of all the muscles of animal life, frequently occasions an involuntary discharge of urine. Now in these cases it is not the bladder that