General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
The activity of the glands remaining in exercise, appears to be owing
to two causes. 1st. The decomposition being very great at this age,
many substances are presented to the glands to be thrown out. An old
person decreases by a phenomenon opposite to the rapid growth of the
fœtus, in which the glandular system throws out scarcely any thing
from the economy. 2d. The skin having the horny hardness and being
contracted, ceasing in part to be an emunctory of the products of
decomposition, the glands supply the place of these functions. The
cutaneous and glandular systems are then in the same relation as in
winter and in cold countries, in which, we have seen, that the second
constantly supplies the place of the first.
In general, the glandular system is one of those in which life is the
most slowly extinguished. In the dead bodies of old people we find
the bile still filling the gall-bladder, the bladder full of urine,
&c. All the glands when compressed, the prostate itself, permit a
large quantity of fluid to escape from their excretories. I have even
observed that in this compression, we uniformly press out more fluid in
an old subject than in a young one. The older the animals are, the more
their kidneys, as we know, preserve the urinous smell. The lungs, which
abound so much in mucous surfaces and consequently in mucous glands,
are not withered and have not the horny hardening in old age; they
perform their functions as regularly as in youth.
In general it is a very remarkable phenomenon that all the principal
internal organs, the liver, the kidneys, the spleen, the heart, the
lungs, &c. still preserve a very considerable vital force, whilst the
sensitive and locomotive organs already almost exhausted, have broken
in part the communications which connect the individual with the
objects which surround him.
DERMOID SYSTEM.
All animals are covered with a more or less compact membrane, of a
thickness in general proportioned to the size of their body, destined
to defend the subjacent parts, to carry out a considerable portion of
the residue of nutrition and digestion, and to place it in relation
with external bodies. It is in man a sensitive boundary, placed at the
extremity of the domain of his mind, where these bodies continually
touch, for the purpose of establishing the relations of his animal
life, and of thus connecting his existence with that of every thing
which surrounds him. This covering is the _dermis_ or skin. We shall
call the whole of it the Dermoid System.
ARTICLE FIRST.
FORMS OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
The covering which forms this system, being proportioned to the parts
that it covers, is applied to these parts, adapted to their great
inequalities, and allows the largest external prominences to be
visible, but conceals a great number on account of their small size;
thus the appearance of the body stripped of skin differs very much from
that with the skin on.
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