2d. Other folds, only formed by the mucous surface, exist also always in a state of vacuity or fulness, less evident however than this; they are owing to the circumstance that the mucous surface is much more extensive than those upon which it is applied, so that it is folded that it may not run a longer course; such are the valvulæ conniventes of the small intestines, the structure of which we see very well by cutting longitudinally one of these intestines. The edge of the section exhibits the fleshy layer and the serous surface in a straight direction, whilst the mucous layer describes a line resembling a loose thread. 3d. The last species of folds is as it were accidental, and is only observed during the contraction of the organ which is lined by the mucous surface that is the seat of it; such are those of the interior of the stomach, the great intestines, &c. In the greatest number of subjects brought to the dissecting rooms, these folds of which so much has been said as it respects the stomach, cannot be perceived in it, because the subject has died after a disease that has so altered the vital forces, as to prevent all action of this viscus; so that though it is frequently found empty, its fibres are not contracted. In experiments upon living animals, on the contrary, these folds become very evident, and may be demonstrated in this way; make a dog eat or drink copiously, open him an instant after and cut the stomach in the length of its great curvature; no fold is then apparent; but soon the viscus contracts, its edges are turned over and the aliments escape; the whole mucous surface is covered with an infinite number of very prominent ridges, which have as it were the form of cerebral circumvolutions. We obtain the same result by taking out the stomach of an animal recently killed, distending it with air and opening it afterwards, or by cutting it immediately in its state of vacuity and drawing it in opposite directions by its edges; it stretches, its ridges disappear, and if we cease to distend it, they form again immediately in an evident manner. I would observe on the subject of the inflation of the stomach, that by distending it with oxygen, we do not produce by the contact of this gas, greater ridges and consequently a stronger contraction, than by using for the same purpose carbonic acid gas. This experiment furnishes a result very similar to what I have observed in rendering animals emphysematous by different aeriform fluids. It follows from all that we have said upon the folds of the mucous membranes, that in the ordinary contraction of the hollow organs which these membranes line they undergo but a very slight diminution of surface, that they contract scarcely at all, but fold within, so that by dissecting them on an organ in contraction we should have a surface almost equal in extent to that which they exhibit during its dilatation. This assertion, which is true as it respects the stomach,