XX. BATTLES AND SIEGES 264 XXI. DEATH OF THE SULTAN 281 XXII. VICTORIOUS CAMPAIGNS 297 XXIII. GRAND CELEBRATIONS 318 XXIV. CONCLUSION 330 ENGRAVINGS Page THE INAUGURATION OF GENGHIS KHAN _Frontispiece._ ENCAMPMENT OF A PATRIARCH 20 SHOOTING AT PURSUERS 35 MAP--EMPIRE OF GENGHIS KHAN 44 PURTA IN THE TENT OF VANG KHAN 62 DRINKING THE BITTER WATER 107 PRESENTATION OF THE SHONGAR 173 THE MERCHANTS OFFERING THEIR GOODS 222 THE GOVERNOR ON THE TERRACE 261 THE BATTLE OF THE BOATS 277 GENGHIS KHAN. CHAPTER I. PASTORAL LIFE IN ASIA. Four different modes of life enumerated.--Northern and southern climes.--Animal food in arctic regions.--Tropical regions.--Appetite changes with climate.--First steps toward civilization.--Interior of Asia.--Pastoral habits of the people.--Picture of pastoral life.--Large families accumulated.--Rise of patriarchal governments.--Origin of the towns.--Great chieftains.--Genghis Khan. There are four several methods by which the various communities into which the human race is divided obtain their subsistence from the productions of the earth, each of which leads to its own peculiar system of social organization, distinct in its leading characteristics from those of all the rest. Each tends to its own peculiar form of government, gives rise to its own manners and customs, and forms, in a word, a distinctive and characteristic type of life. These methods are the following: 1. By hunting wild animals in a state of nature. 2. By rearing tame animals in pasturages. 3. By gathering fruits and vegetables which grow spontaneously in a state of nature. 4. By rearing fruits and grains and other vegetables by artificial tillage in cultivated ground. By the two former methods man subsists on animal food. By the two latter on vegetable food. As we go north, from the temperate regions toward the poles, man is found to subsist more and more on animal food. This seems to be the intention of Providence. In the arctic regions scarcely any vegetables grow that are fit for human food, but animals whose flesh is nutritious and adapted to the use of man are abundant.