[994] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, i. 186. [995] _Norman Conquest_, iii. 182. [996] _Histoire du Château d'Arques_, by A. Deville, pp. x., 412 (Rouen). [997] Ed. Howlett, p. 106. [998] _Cours d'antiquités monumentales_ (1835), v. 227, 228. [999] Colchester, in _Archæologia_, to which he refers, was attributed to Edward the Elder, and Rochester was, of course, as yet, believed to be the work of Gundulf. [1000] Compare Professor Freeman on Falaise: "More probably, I think, of the twelfth than of the eleventh [century]" (_Norm. Conq._, ii. 175). [1001] _Château d'Arques_, pp. 307-312. [1002] _Ibid._, pp. 48, 267. [1003] Compare the "castrum in cacumine ipsius montis condidit" at Arques with the "castellum novum super flumen Tyne condidit" at Newcastle. [1004] Compare, on this point, the acute criticism of Dr. Bruce (repeated by Mr. Freeman) that "Wace (v. 12,628) speaks of the horse of William Fitz Osbern [in 1066] as 'all covered with iron,' whereas in the [Bayeux] Tapestry 'not a single horse is equipped in steel armour; and if we refer to the authors who lived at that period, we shall find that not one of them mentions any defensive covering for the horse.'" Compare also the expression of William of Malmesbury, who lived and wrote under the tower-building king, that the Norman barons took advantage of the Conqueror's minority "_turres_ agere," these being the structures with the building of which the writer was most familiar. [1005] "A flight of steps, beginning upon the north face, passing by a doorway through its most westerly buttress, and which then, turning, is continued along the west face" (_M. M. A._, i. 188). Cf. Deville (p. 298), and the plan of 1708 (_ibid._, Pl. XII.). [1006] _M. M. A._, i. 188, ii. 432. [1007] Report of 1708 (_Deville_, p. 294). [1008] It is only right to mention that, according to the _Academy_, "Mr. Clark has long been recognized as the first living authority on the subject of castellated architecture;" that, in the opinion of the _Athenæum_, all those "who in future touch the subject may safely rely on Mr. Clark;" that his is "a masterly history of mediæval military architecture" (_Saturday Review_); and that, according to _Notes and Queries_, "no other Englishman knows so much of our old military architecture as Mr. Clark." APPENDIX P. THE EARLY ADMINISTRATION OF LONDON. (See p. 151.) The new light which is thrown by the charters granted to Geoffrey upon a subject so interesting and so obscure as the government and _status_ of London during the Norman period requires, for its full appreciation, detailed and separate treatment. But, before advancing my own conclusions, it is absolutely needful to dispose of that singular accretion of error which has grown, by gradual degrees, around the recorded facts.[1009]