In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream,--as in Hobkirk (_i.e._ the church in the _hope_ or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the hollow); Hutton, for _How_ton (the dwelling in the hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England _how_ and _haugh_ come more frequently from the Scand. _haugr_ (a heap or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),--as in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from mounds over some Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the _haugr_ or mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, is from _haugr_ or from the _houg_, as also Les Hogues and La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for _Gretan-how_ (the great hollow). _Haugr_ also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to this word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby. [Sidenote: HAUPT (Ger.), HOVED (Scand.), HEAFOD (A.S.),] a head, a promontory; _e.g._ Howth Head, in Ireland, from the Danish _hofed_--its Irish name is _Ben Edair_ (the hill of Edar); Brunhoubt (the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire. [Sidenote: HAUS (Teut.), HUUS (Scand.), HAZA (Hung.),] a dwelling, allied to _casa_, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; _e.g._ Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship station), which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river seems to have been named from an _agger_ or rampart erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); Distilhousen (the dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza (God’s house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); Chaise-Dieu, Lat. _Casa-Dei_ (the house of God), in France. Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica; Chassepierre, Lat. _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca (white house), in Brazil. [Sidenote: HEL, HELLE, HELGE, HEIL,]