[Sidenote: BWLCH (Welsh),] a pass or defile; _e.g._ Dwygyflch (_i.e._ the joint passes), in Wales; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass); Bwlch-y-groes (of the cross). [Sidenote: BYSTRI (Sclav.),] swift; _e.g._ Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift stream); Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the Germans Neusohl (new station). [Sidenote: BY, BIE, BIGGEN-BO, BŒUF (Fr.),] (Scand.), a dwelling, a town--from _biga_ (Norse), to build. This word occurs frequently in town names in the N.E. of England and in some parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or Normans; _e.g._ Derby, _i.e._ _Dearaby_ (deer town), formerly called _North Worthige_ (the northern enclosure); its Celtic name was _Durgwent_ (the white water), from its river; Whitby (white town), A.S. _Streones-heal_ (treasure-hall, _streone_); Selby (holy town); Danby (Dane’s dwelling); Rugby, anc. _Rochberie_ (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to its castle); Appleby (the town of apple-trees); Sonderby (southern town); Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm, Leward); Risby (beech-tree dwelling); Canisby, in Caithness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute’s dwelling; Haconby (of Haco); Harrowby, in Doomsday, is _Herigerby_ (the town of the legion), A.S. _herige_; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby (church town, moor town, ash-tree town); Ashby-de-la-Zouch was simply _Ascebi_ or Esseby, perhaps the town of the _Asci_, a tribe. It received the addition to its name from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France: Daubœuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling); Elbœuf (old dwelling); Quittebœuf (white dwelling); Quillebœuf (welltown); Lindebœuf (lime-tree town); Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old and new Charles’ town), in Finland; Criquebœuf (crooked town). C [Sidenote: CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.),] an enclosure; _e.g._ Ca-wood (wood-enclosure); Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names. [Sidenote: CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.),] chalk or lime--cognate with the Lat. _calx_, Cel. _cailc_, _sialc_; _e.g._ Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk place, hill, and field); Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, _grab_); the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district, _ern_); Chockier, corrupt. from _Calchariæ_ (the lime kilns), in Belgium; Kelso, anc. _Calchou_ (the chalk _heugh_ or height), so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the Tweed and Teviot, now broken down. [Sidenote: CAER, CADAER (Welsh), CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), KAER, KER (Breton),]