an enclosed fortification, a castle, a town, and in Ireland a circular stone fort; _e.g._ Caer-leon, anc. _Isca-legionem_ (the fort of the legion), on the R. Usk;[3] Caerwent, in Monmouth, anc. _Venta-silurum_ (the fortress in the province of Gwent); Caerwys (of the assizes, _gwys_, a summons); Caermarthen, anc. _Maridunum_ (the fort on the sea-shore); Caernarvon, Welsh _Caer-yn-ar-Fon_ (the fortress opposite to Mona); Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain)--Cardigan is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. Teify); Cardiff, on the R. Taff; Carriden, anc. _Caer-aiden_ or _eden_ (the fort on the wing), in Linlithgow; Caerphilly (the fort of the trench, _vallum_), corrupt. into philly; Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer-gyffin (the border fortress); Grongar, corrupt. from _Caer-gron_ (the circular fortress); Caer-_hen_ or _hun_, corrupt. from _Caer-Rhun_, named from a Welsh prince; Carlisle, anc. _Caergwawl_ (the fort at the trench); its Latin name was _Luguvallum_ (the trench of the legion). It was destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William II. In Mid-Lothian, Cramond, _i.e._ _Caer-Almond_, on the R. Almond; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew; Crail, anc. _Carraile_ (the fort on the corner, _aile_), in the S.E. angle of Fife; Caerlaverock (the fort of Lewarch Ogg), founded in the sixth century; Sanquhar, _i.e._ _Sean-cathair_ (old fort); Carmunnock or _Carmannoc_ (the fort of the monks); Kirkintilloch, corrupt. from _Caer-pen-tulach_ (the fort at the head of the hill); Cardross (the promontory fort); Kier, in Scotland, for _Caer_ or _Cathair_; Carew (the fortresses), a castle in Wales; Carhaix, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Ker-Aes_ (the fortress on the R. Aes--now the Hières). In Ireland: Caher (the fortress); Cahereen (little fortress); Cahergal (white fort); Cahersiveen, _i.e._ _Cathair-saidbhin_ (Sabina’s fort); Carlingford, Irish _Caer-linn_, _fiord_ being added by the Danes; its full name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also called _Suamh-ech_ (the swimming ford of the horses); Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), _i.e._ _Caer-gawr-lleon_, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester, or _Caer-gwr-le_ (the boundary-place in Flintshire). [Sidenote: CALA (Span.),] a creek or bay--probably derived from _Scala_ (It.), a seaport, Cel. _cala_ (a harbour), and cognate with the Teut. _kille_; _e.g._ Callao, in S. America; _Cale_, the ancient name of Oporto, and probably _Calais_; Scala (a seaport), in Italy; Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey; Kiel, in Sleswick, so called from its fine bay. [Sidenote: CALO (A.S.), KAHL (Ger.), KAEL (Dut.),] bald or bare--synonymous with the Lat. _calvus_ and the Fr. _chauve_; _e.g._ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in France; Kahlenberg, anc. _Mons Calvus_ (bald hill), belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Gebirge. [Sidenote: CAM (Gadhelic), CAM (Cym.-Cel.), CAMBUS,]