[Sidenote: GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),] a count or earl; _e.g._ Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal (the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle (the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. _Graveninghem_ (the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), Germanised into _Kroppstadt_. [Sidenote: GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),] a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. _granaria_, cognate with the Gadhelic _grainnseach_, Low Lat. _grangia_; _e.g._ Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain). [Sidenote: GRENZE (Ger.), GRAN (Sclav.),] the boundary or corner; _e.g._ Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the government of a military officer called _The Ban_); Gransee (the corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows. [Sidenote: GRIAN (Gadhelic),] the sun; _e.g._ Greenock, either from _grianach_ (sunny) or the knoll, _cnoc_ (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers _solarium_; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name _Baile-an-ghrianain_ (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone fortress, _aileach_); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog). [Sidenote: GRIES (Ger.),] sand or gravel; _e.g._ Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). _Gressius_ and _Gresum_ in _bas_ Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc. [Sidenote: GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), HRAD (Turc.),] a fortified town; _e.g._ Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of Paul or Ivan, _i.e._ John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia. [Sidenote: GRODEN (Frisian),]