Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics; a Treatise of ArchimedesArchimedes
History
Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics; a Treatise of Archimedes
Archimedes
Geometry -- Early works to 1800
Let the square $\alpha\beta\gamma\delta$ [Fig.~12] be the base of a
perpendicular prism with square bases and let a cylinder be inscribed
in the prism whose base is the circle $\epsilon\zeta\eta\theta$ which
touches the sides of the parallelogram $\alpha\beta\gamma\delta$ at
$\epsilon$, $\zeta$, $\eta$, and $\theta$. Pass a plane through its
center and the side in the square opposite the square
$\alpha\beta\gamma\delta$ corresponding to the side $\gamma\delta$;
this will cut off from the whole prism a second prism which is
$\frac{1}{4}$ the size of the whole prism and which will be bounded by
three parallelograms and two opposite triangles. In the semicircle
$\epsilon\zeta\eta$ describe a parabola whose origin is $\eta\epsilon$
and whose axis is $\zeta\kappa$, and in the parallelogram $\delta\eta$
draw $\mu\nu \| \kappa\zeta$; this will cut the circumference of the
semicircle at $\xi$, the parabola at $\lambda$, and $\mu\nu \times
\nu\lambda = \nu\zeta^2$ (for this is evident [Apollonios, \emph{Con.}
I, 11]). Therefore $\mu\nu : \nu\lambda = \kappa\eta^2 :
\lambda\sigma^2$. Upon $\mu\nu$ construct a plane parallel to
$\epsilon\eta$; this will intersect the prism cut off from the whole
prism in a right-angled triangle one side of which is $\mu\nu$ and the
other a straight line in the plane upon $\gamma\delta$ perpendicular
to $\gamma\delta$ at $\nu$ and equal to the axis of the cylinder, but
whose hypotenuse is in the intersecting plane. It will intersect the
portion which is cut off from the cylinder by the
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\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig12.png}
\begin{center}
{\small Fig.~12.}
\end{center}
\end{wrapfigure}
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plane passed through $\epsilon\eta$ and the side of the square
opposite the side $\gamma\delta$ in a right-angled triangle one side
of which is $\mu\xi$ and the other a straight line drawn in the
surface of the cylinder perpendicular to the plane $\kappa\nu$,
\linebreak and the hypotenuse\dotfill\linebreak and all the triangles
in the prism : all the triangles in the cylinder-section = all the
straight lines in the parallelogram $\delta\eta$ : all the straight
lines between the parabola and the straight line $\epsilon\eta$. And
the prism consists of the triangles in the prism, the cylinder-section
of those in the cylinder-section, the parallelogram $\delta\eta$ of
the straight lines in the parallelogram $\delta\eta \| \kappa\zeta$
and the segment of the parabola of the straight lines cut off by the
parabola and the straight line $\epsilon\eta$; hence prism :
cylinder-section = parallelogram $\eta\delta$ : segment
$\epsilon\zeta\eta$ that is bounded by the parabola and the straight
line $\epsilon\eta$. But the parallelogram $\delta\eta = \frac{3}{2}$
the segment bounded by the parabola and the straight line
$\epsilon\eta$ as indeed has been shown in the previously published
work, hence also the prism is equal to one and one half times the
cylinder-section.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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