GEORGE ELIOT: A CRITICAL STUDY OF HER LIFE, WRITINGS AND PHILOSOPHY. BY GEORGE WILLIS COOKE AUTHOR OF "RALPH WALDO EMERSON: HIS LIFE, WRITINGS AND PHILOSOPHY." 1884 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The publication of a new edition of this work permits me to say that the essay on "The Lady Novelists," quoted in the seventh chapter, was written by George Henry Lewes. Its opinions, however, are substantially those of George Eliot, and they will be found in harmony with her own words. Confessing to the error, I yet venture to let the quotations, and the comments on them, stand as at first made. The three poems mentioned on page 75, were among the latest of the productions of George Eliot's pen. It has been suggested to me that I have not done perfect justice to George Henry Lewes, especially in what I say of his books on the Spanish drama and the life of Goethe. I have carefully reconsidered what I wrote of him, and find no occasion for any change of judgment, though two or three words might properly give place to others of a more appreciative meaning. My book has met with much greater praise than I could have expected. Its errors, I have no doubt, are quite numerous enough; and yet I venture to think the main thought of the book is correct. MARCH, 1884. CONTENTS. PREFACE I. EARLY LIFE II. TRANSLATOR AND EDITOR III. MARRIAGE IV. CAREER AS AN AUTHOR V. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS VI. LITERARY TRAITS AND TENDENCIES VII. THEORY OF THE NOVEL VIII. POETIC METHODS IX. PHILOSOPHIC ATTITUDE X. DISTINCTIVE TEACHINGS XI. RELIGIOUS TENDENCIES XII. ETHICAL SPIRIT XIII. EARLIER NOVELS XIV. ROMOLA XV. FELIX HOLT AND MIDDLEMARCH XVI. DANIEL DERONDA XVII. THE SPANISH GYPSY AND OTHER POEMS XVIII. LATER ESSAYS XIX. THE ANALYTIC METHOD XX. THE LIMITATIONS OF HER THOUGHT XXI. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. EARLY LIFE. The poet and the novelist write largely out of personal experience, and must give expression to the effects of their own history. What they have seen and felt, gives shape and tone to what they write; that which is nearest their own hearts is poured forth in their books. To ignore these influences is to overlook a better part of what they write, and is often to lose the explanation of many features of their work. Shakspere is one of those who are of no time or place, whose words gain no added meaning in view of what he was and how he lived; but it is not so with a great number of the best and most inspiring writers. The era in which they lived, the intellectual surroundings afforded them by their country and generation, the subtle phases of sentiment and aspiration of their immediate time and place, are all essential to a true appreciation of their books. It is so of Goethe, Byron, Shelley, Hugo, Wordsworth, Emerson, and how many more!