We can summarize low pressure storms generally in the following manner: They have a wind circulation inward and upward and are elliptical in form. Their velocity varies from six hundred to nine hundred miles per day, moving in the same general direction. They are characterized in their eastern quadrants by cloudy weather, southerly and easterly winds, precipitation, temperature oppressive in summer and abnormally high in winter, falling barometer, increasing humidity and followed by clear weather, rising barometer, decreasing humidity and falling temperature in the western quadrants. Buys Ballot’s law of winds is, that in the Northern Hemisphere if one stands with his back to the wind, the low barometric pressure will be invariably to the left hand; in the Southern Hemisphere the lowest pressure is always to the right. This law explains one of the characteristics of low pressure storms. AREAS OF HIGH PRESSURE In speaking of low pressure storms we called them storm centers, because nearly always they are of sufficient intensity to bear that name, but in high pressure areas we do not speak of them as storm centers. The Buys Ballot’s law applies to anti-cyclonic as well as cyclonic storms, that is, when one’s back is to the wind, the lowest barometric pressure is at the left and the highest at the right. This is probably understood by saying that in the cyclonic storms, the winds blow inward, contrary to the hands of a watch, and in the anti-cyclonic they blow outward, that is, in the same direction to the direction of the hands of the watch. In the United States, the cyclonic storms are not as frequent as low pressure storms, and it is safe to say that probably not more than one-third of the entire anti-cyclonic areas can be classed as storm areas. WHY AIR RISES Another very interesting experiment is to secure a long-stemmed glass bulb (see Fig. 32). Arrange this apparatus as illustrated, with the stem of the bulb immersed in the water. The glass bulb condenses the air. When you first put it into the water nothing happens, but as soon as you apply heat the air bubbles come out of the end of the tube. This means that the air in the tube has expanded and part of it has come out through the stem of the tube and the remainder is lighter. It is well to remember, when air is heated it expands and becomes lighter. This fact is extremely important to remember, because it has a great deal to do with the important instrument, the barometer, which is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere and is an important element in the question of humidity, as you will learn later. By this time you no doubt have learned that: 1. Air has weight. 2. Heated air expands, becomes lighter, and exerts less pressure. 3. Cold air comes from the side to take the place of hot air that rises.