Place a little alcohol lamp on the table, or a wax candle will do. Over this place an ordinary lamp chimney, lifting it a short distance off the table, and it can be held in position by any little object. (See Fig. 10.) Over the chimney hold some smoke paper. (Smoke paper is nothing more than filter paper, or brown wrapping paper of a soft texture.) From the experiments already visualized to you, you should know what to expect. You will again see that the heated air is rising; it has expanded and become light. Now what becomes of the air that is rising and where does it go? In doing this experiment be careful not to make any unnatural movements that will change the current of wind. Stand perfectly still so that the experiment will be perfect, because you are now producing in miniature a real storm, or demonstrating the cause of wind. The next observation—what happens at the bottom of the chimney? Here you will find the outside air is coming in, the same as it did in the window experiment. Particularly, notice however, that the smoke enters underneath the chimney from all directions, and the smoke paper should be moved away from the glass chimney to determine the distance at which the smoke flames will still be drawn into the chimney. You now produced for yourself in miniature a storm and wind. The air that has been heated rises over a heated area, and cooler air from all directions around is passing into the space underneath the chimney and taking the place of the heated air that has gone up. This experiment illustrates what takes place, except on a smaller scale, out in the atmosphere when a portion of the earth becomes heated. If this is clear to you, it will help you to understand the main principles underlying storms and winds, which will be given later on. EXPERIMENT NO. 9 Equally important is the last part of the experiment, which consists in lifting the lamp chimney off the table altogether and continuing with the smoke paper. Note results that you get now. The smoke will spread out over a large area. WHAT IS THE WEATHER? By the weather we mean the temperature, the amount of moisture in the air, the pressure of the air, the movement of the air, and all the conditions that have to do with the atmosphere, such as heat, cold, rain, snow, sleet, fog, frost, dew, etc. It has to do with everything, from calmness and clearness to cloudiness and blizzards. THE EFFECT OF THE SUN The sun has a great deal to do with the regulation of the weather. Its heat causes evaporation; it is the rays of the sun that raises the vapor from the water and brings it into the air; it is the cooling of this vapor that produces the rain, hail and sleet storms, and its brilliancy causes a difference in air pressure at times. It is this difference in air pressure that produces winds, as you will learn later. HUMIDITY