Transcriber Note Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. GLACIÈRES OR FREEZING CAVERNS [Illustration: ICE SLOPE AND BASIN, KOLOWRATSHÖHLE.] GLACIÈRES OR FREEZING CAVERNS BY EDWIN SWIFT BALCH A. B. (Harvard); F. R. G. S. Member of the Franklin Institute Of the Appalachian Mountain Club Of the American Philosophical Society Author of "Mountain Exploration," &c. Philadelphia ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT 1900 Copyright, 1900, by EDWIN SWIFT BALCH. Press of ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER, WHOSE DEEP INTEREST IN MY WORK HAS HELPED ME GREATLY. PRELIMINARY NOTE. Many kind friends have given me information about glacières or assistance in my work. I am especially indebted to Mr. Robert Butler, of San José, Cal.; Mr. F. H. Cushing, of Washington, D. C.; Professor Charles E. Fay, of Tufts College, Mass.; Professor Eberhard Fugger, of Salzburg, Austria; Mr. Alois F. Kovarik, of Decorah, Iowa; Monsieur E. A. Martel, of Paris, France; Mr. John Ritchie, Jr., of Boston, Mass.; Professor I. C. Russell, of Ann Arbor, Mich.; Miss H. Varena, of Wiesbaden, Germany; and Miss Mary Coxe, Mr. G. L. Farnum, Mr. J. E. Farnum, Mr. F. L. Garrison, Mr. W. C. Hall, Mr. E. I. H. Howell, Mrs. Horace Jayne, Mr. W. E. Meehan, Mr. C. J. Nicholson, Mr. G. B. Phillips, Mr. Bunford Samuel, Mr. W. W. Wagner, and Dr. W. H. Wahl, of Philadelphia. I wish to acknowledge also the help I have derived from the Bibliothèque Nationale and the library of the British Museum. E. S. B. Philadelphia, February the 10th, 1900. CONTENTS. PAGE Part I. Experiences in Glacières 1 Part II. The Causes of Subterranean Ice 109 Part III. List of Glacières 165 Part IV. Some Opinions about Glacières 269 Part V. List of Authors 313 Index 329 ILLUSTRATIONS.