Apart from the question of cost, the use of silica ware is further limited by its sensitiveness to all forms of basic materials. Thus alkaline solutions cannot be allowed to come into contact with this substance, since they attack it vigorously, especially when warm. At high temperatures all basic materials produce a rapid attack on silica ware, the silica, in fact, behaving as a strongly acid body at and above a red heat. The attack which occurs when such a substance as iron or copper oxide is allowed to come into contact with heated vitrified silica is, in fact, so rapid that a tube is completely destroyed in a few minutes, the formation of silicates resulting in the cracking and disintegration of the whole piece. While, therefore, silica ware, especially in its cheaper forms, undoubtedly possesses great advantages and possibilities, its use must be carried on with careful reference to its chemical nature. Vitreous silica, in addition to the uses and advantages just named, has also an interest from the optical point of view; this arises from the fact that it is transparent to short (ultra-violet) light waves to which all ordinary varieties of glass are completely opaque. Quite recently, the Jena works have produced special glasses which are more transparent to these ultra-violet rays than ordinary glass, but even these fall far short of silica in this respect. This property of transparence to ultra-violet light is utilised in two widely different directions. One of these is in the production of ultra-violet light when required for medical or other special purposes; a most energetic source of such rays is available by the use of tubes of vitrified silica within which the mercury-vapour arc is produced. In another direction the employment of quartz lenses makes it possible to take advantage of the optical properties of ultra-violet light in connection with microscopy; for the purpose of constructing a perfect optical system, crystalline quartz would be useless, since its property of double refraction would interfere hopelessly with the performance of the lenses. This is now overcome by the use of vitreous silica lenses, in the case of the “ultra-violet microscope,” as made by Carl Zeiss, of Jena. So far, however, it has only been possible to produce quite small pieces of vitreous silica sufficiently free from bubbles to be used for optical purposes. The great difficulty lies not so much in merely melting the quartz down as in freeing it from the air-bubbles enclosed within it; the course usually adopted with glass, of raising the temperature and allowing the bubbles to rise to the surface, becomes impossible in this case, because the silica itself begins to vapourise and even to boil vigorously at temperatures not very far above its melting point. Quite recently, however, two American workers have claimed to be able to overcome this difficulty by the use of both vacuum and high pressure applied at the earlier and later stages of