GLIMPSES OF THE DARK AGES; OR, SKETCHES OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF EUROPE, FROM THE FIFTH TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY. LONDON: THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY, _Instituted 1789._ PREFACE. In the following sketch, the author has confined himself to one branch of the History of the Middle Ages. He attempts nothing more than a glance at the social condition of Europe, from the fifth to the twelfth century; political affairs, military transactions, the rise and fall of dynasties, the relation of European states to each other, and the lives and deeds of the heroes of those days, do not come within the range of his plan. He has marked out the first six centuries of the middle ages, for separate consideration, because in the twelfth century a new epoch commenced. Much of what is true of the former period, is not true of the latter. New social elements were then formed, and old ones received new life--it was the dawn of modern civilisation. It is difficult to draw a well-defined line between the two ages, but it may be placed somewhere about the twelfth century. Events and institutions which arose then, and which seem to belong to the later period of social progress in Europe, have, therefore, received no notice in the following pages. The author has been careful in consulting authorities, though he has abstained from loading his pages with references. The quotations are taken immediately, not second-hand, from the works cited at the foot of the page; and in referring to books as authorities, the author has generally chosen such as are best known, easiest of access, and most adapted to furnish additional interesting information on the topics in question. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I.--FALL OF ROME. SECTION 1. Taking of the city 2. Roman civilisation 3. Barbarians CHAPTER II.--THE CHURCH. SECTION 1. Political relations 2. Superstitions 3. Morals 4. Literature and art CHAPTER III.--THE MONASTERY. SECTION 1. Rise of monachism 2. Monastic life and manners 3. Monkish employments 4. Effects of monastic institutions on society CHAPTER IV.--THE FEUDAL CASTLE. SECTION 1. Rise of feudalism 2. Feudalism in France 3. Modification of the system in England 4. Estimate of the effects of feudalism CHAPTER V.--THE TOWN. SECTION 1. Roman municipalities 2. Rise of modern Italian cities 3. Cities of Germany, and the Netherlands 4. Anglo-Saxon boroughs GLIMPSES OF THE DARK AGES. CHAPTER I. THE FALL OF ROME. SECTION I.--TAKING OF THE CITY.