A third class borrow the names of French and occasionally of foreign provinces or towns. Anthyme St. Paul gives a list of such in the _Annuaire de l'archéologie française_,--Barcelone or Barcelonnette, Beauvais, Boulogne, Bruges, Cadix, Cordes (for Cordova), Fleurance (for Florence), Bretagne, Cologne, Valence, Miélan (for Milan), La Française and Francescas, Grenade, Libourne (for Leghorn), Modène, Pampelonne (for Pampeluna), etc. A new town or _bastide_ is usually rectangular in plan, and measures some 750 by 580 feet. Sauveterre d'Aveyron is an example. In the centre is a square, into which a street debouches on each side, thus dividing the town into four parts. The square is surrounded by galleries or cloisters, of round or pointed arches, covered with a timber roof or vault, with or without transverse arches, whence the term _Place des Couverts_, still common in some Southern towns. In the centre of the square stood the town-hall, the ground-floor of which was used as a public market. Montréjeau is one of the towns in which this regularity of construction is observed, also Montpazier, the streets of which are lined with wide arcades of pointed arches. Other examples are to be found at Eymet, Domme, and Beaumont, Libourne, Ste. Foy, and Sauveterre de Guyenne, Damazan, and Montflanquin, Rabastens, Mirande, Grenade, Isle d'Albi, and Réalmont, etc. Several _bastides_ in Guyenne were founded by the English. Finally, the lower town of Carcassonne, founded in 1247, and Aigues-Mortes, founded in 1248, also belong to the class of _bastides_ or new towns.[72] [72] See Part III., "Military Architecture." "The series of Southern _bastides_, inaugurated in 1222 by the foundation of Cordes-Albigeois, was brought to a close in 1344 by a petition of the town-councillors of Toulouse, in answer to which the king forbade any further settlements. Two hundred at least of the _bastides_ still exist in Guyenne, Gascony, Languedoc, and the neighbouring districts. Several of these were unprosperous, and are still small villages. In some cases their close proximity tended greatly to their mutual disadvantage."[73] [73] Anthyme St. Paul, _Histoire Monumentale de la France_. [Illustration: 221. MARKET AND BELFRY AT BRUGES (BELGIUM)] [Illustration: 222. TOWN-HALL OF BRUGES (BELGIUM)] It is worthy of remark that civil architecture had so greatly developed by the fifteenth century as to react in its turn upon the religious art to which it owed its birth. It gave to religious architecture certain new forms, such as the elliptic arch, adopted at the close of the fifteenth and throughout the following century, at which period civil architecture reached its apogee. The Southern communes preserved their franchises till the sixteenth century, that disastrous era of religious warfare which involved the destruction of innumerable buildings.