This is the accepted time scheme in China. The dates are the Western equivalents of the most widely current Chinese computation, which is known to be incorrect or haphazard from the eighth century B.C. back. The periods given for the dynasties are chronological formulas rather than the exact expression of political realities. For a discussion of the materials of Chinese historiography, see Charles S. Gardner, _Chinese Traditional Historiography_, Cambridge, 1938. For an excellent short summary of Chinese history, see the "Historical Sketch" by Lei Hai-tsung in _The Chinese Year Book_, 1936-1937, Shanghai. Chronologies are to be found in the major Chinese-English dictionaries, and--among many others--in Leon Wieger, S. J., _La Chine à travers les âges_, Hsien-hsien, 1920, where they are accompanied by a great deal of the old-style, uncritical, but nevertheless informative, Chinese scholarship. HSIA ended 1765 (?)B.C. } prehistoric SHANG 1765(?)-1123 (?)B.C. } or CHOU 1122(?)-256 B.C. } semihistoric _Ch'un Ch'in_ (Spring and Autumn Epoch) 770-473 B.C. _Chan Kuo_ (Warring States Epoch) 473-221 B.C. CH'IN 221-203 B.C. EARLY HAN (including Wang Mang) 202 B.C.-A.D. 25 LATER HAN A.D. 25-220 SAN KUO (Three Kingdoms) A.D. 221-264 } CHIN A.D. 265-419 } China's NAN PEI CH'AO (Northern } "dark ages" and Southern Dynasties) A.D. 420-588 } SUI A.D. 589-619 T'ANG A.D. 620-906 WU TAI (Five Dynasties) A.D. 907-960 SUNG A.D. 960-1279 YÜAN (the Mongols) A.D. 1280-1367 MING A.D. 1368-1643 CH'ING (the Manchus) A.D. 1644-1911 MIN KUO (The Republic) 1912- INDEX A Administration (_see_ Hsien; Scholastic bureaucracy; and _Yüan_ system) Agrarian problems, 115ff. Aircraft, military, 108ff. Anfu party, after 1916, 47, 157 Armies, under the Han, 83ff.; Manchu period, 86ff.; Nationalist, 105ff.; national, 110ff.; _tuchünal_, 104ff. B Barga Mongol Soviet Republic, 185 Borodin, Michael, 53, 162 Boxer uprising, 95, 117 Buddhism, 24, 131 C Canton governments (established by Sun in opposition to the Peking Republic), 156ff., 160ff. Canton-Moscow entente (_see_ Nationalist-Communist coalition) Capitalism, 46, 69 Chan Kuo epoch, 473-221 B.C., 15ff., 82 Chang Chung-chang, the Dog-Meat General, 103 Chang Hsüeh-liang, 1898- (ex-_tuchün_ of Manchuria, son of Chang Tso-lin), 108 Chang Hsün (monarchist _tuchün_), 156 Chang Tso-lin, 1876-1928 (_tuchün_ of Manchuria), 103ff., 158, 168 Charioteers (Chou period), 80ff.