Ch'en Tu-hsiu, 1879- (excommunicated Communist leader), 65 Chiang K'ai-shek [Chiang Chieh-shih], 1888- (military heir to Sun Yat-sen; educated in Japan, further trained by Russians, advised by Germans; leading general in China after 1927, and outstanding figure in the National Government), 52, 105ff., 122, 164, 182 Ch'in Shih Huang Ti, 259-210 B.C. (king of Ch'in, legalist, despot, unifier, conquered all China by 221 B.C.), 80ff., 128ff. Chinese Soviet Republic (established in Kiangsi, 1931; merged with National Government, 1937), 66, 182ff. Ch'ing dynasty (_see_ Manchu dynasty) Chinputang (Progressive Party), 151 Chou, Duke of (died 1105 B.C.[?]; semi-historic state founder), 127 Chou dynasty, 1122(?)-256 B.C., 14ff., 80ff., 127ff. Christianity, 48ff. Chu Hsi, 1130-1200 (Sung philosopher; interpreter of Confucianism), 16 Ch'un Ch'iu epoch, 770-473 B.C., 15, 81, 128 Communism, 51ff., 63ff., 72ff., 182ff. Communist Party, 54ff., 68, 182ff. Concessions, foreign, 140 Confucius [K'ung Ch'iu], 551-479 B.C. (China's most important philosopher, spent his life teaching, with intervals of practical administration), 15ff., 128 Constitutions: Constitution of 1923, 158; Constitutional Compact, 1914, 153; Draft Constitution, 1937, 181; Nanking Organic Law, 1928, 172; Nanking Provisional Constitution, 1931, 172; Provisional Constitution of 1912, 148ff. Council of State (_see_ Yüan system) Customs, Maritime, 159 D Democracy (_see_ San Min Chu I) Double Ten Day, 145 E Emperor, in old China, 18ff., 130ff. Empress Dowager Tzu[)u] Hsi [Yeho-nola], 1835-1908 (actual ruler of China in the latter days of the Ch'ing), 141 Extraterritoriality, 140 F Family system, 3, 136ff. Federal Revolutionary Government, 1932-1933 (Foochow), 184ff. Fêng Yü-hsiang, 1880- (the Christian general, later pro-Soviet, joined the Nationalists, revolted in 1930, took part in anti-Japanese agitation), 103ff. Feudalism, 80ff. Foreign Office, 139, 159 G Genyosha (ultra-patriotic Japanese group), 71 George, Henry, 118 Goodnow, Professor Frank, 154 Gordon, Charles George, 1833-1885 (British commander of the Ever-Victorious Army), 93 H Han dynasty, 202 B.C.-A.D. 220, 82ff., 116, 129 Han Lin (Imperial Academy), 130, 177 Hsia dynasty, 2205(?)-1765(?) B.C., 13 _Hsien_ (district) system, 178ff. Hsüan T'ung (last Manchu emperor of China; abdicated in his boyhood; now Kang Têh, Emperor of Manchoukuo), 156, 186 Hu Han-min, 1886-1937 (leader, Right Kuomintang), 59 Hu Shih, 1891- (philosopher, literary critic, language reformer), 76 Huang Hsing (early military leader of Republicans), 96 _Hui_ (guild, league) system, 3, 136ff. Hundred Days, the (see Reform Movement) I Ideology (see San Min Chu I) Imperialism, 119ff. Islam, 24ff., 94 Islamistan, 184 J