(_a_) Grasses with setaceous or bristle-like leaves;--i.e. the lamina of the lower leaves remains permanently folded instead of opening out flat. (1) Ligule obsolete, auricled at the junction of blade and sheath. _Festuca ovina_ (Sheep’s Fescue). Densely tufted perennial. Leaves hard, glabrous and often glaucous, with 5-7 ridges if forcibly unrolled, ears short, stiff and erect. Branches in permanent sheaths. Chiefly useful as pastures on downs and dry chalk-soils. Several varieties are recognised by agriculturists, as hard, red, various-leafed, fine-leafed Fescue, &c. (see Figs. 13 and 18). _Festuca Myurus_, L. (Rat’s-tail Fescue). Annual, longer auricles, and hair on the ribbed inrolled surface. A road-side weed. _Festuca ovina_ presents difficulties with its varieties and with _F. Myurus_, L. (var. _sciuroides_, Roth.). The chief varieties of _F. ovina_ are Hard Fescue (_F. duriuscula_, L.), taller and with some of the upper leaves flat, and found in moister and rich soils: Red Fescue (_F. sabulicola_, Duf. or _F. rubra_, L.) more or less creeping and with red sheaths to the lower leaves, on poor stony land--_F. heterophylla_ is a form of this on chalky soils, with flat leaves above: and _F. tenuifolia_ a very wiry form on sheep-lands. They all pass into one another, however, and cannot be distinguished by the leaves (see Figs. 18-20). _F. Myurus_ (var. _sciuroides_) is ruderal and annual, and has longer hairs on the ridges of the folded leaves. It has no agricultural value. (2) Ligule membranous, not auricled. (α) _Bristle-like (setaceous) leaves, very hard and stiff, and more or less solid._ _Nardus stricta_, L. (Moor Mat-grass). Roots very tough and stringy: ligule small, but thick and blunt. Leaves channelled: upper erect, lower horizontal. Sheath smooth. Moors and sandy heaths: useless (Figs. 2 and 26). _Aira flexuosa_, L. (Wavy Hair-grass). Roots fibrous. Leaves short, filiform, terete, solid--the channel hardly discernible. Ligule short, obtuse. Heaths, &c. Of little use, even for sheep (Fig. 28). (β) _Leaves bristle-like, but distinctly due to inrolling of edges._ _Aira caryophyllea_, L. (Silvery Hair-grass), is scabrid. A weed, with very slight foliage. _A. præcox_, L. (Early Hair-grass). Greener and more glabrous. Habit more rigid. _A. canescens_, L. (Grey Hair-grass). Glaucous or purplish; rare, on S.E. coasts. (γ) _Leaves narrow and more or less involute, and subulate upwards, but easily unrolled, and apt to become flatter as they age._ _Avena pratensis_, L. (Perennial Oat). Leaves rather thin, dry, harsh, ridgeless, with flanking lines and a keel[8]; glaucous, glabrous, but edges scabrous. Usually involute, but may open out. Ligule long ovate-acute. Dry pastures, especially on calcareous soil, and of little value.