Palea with 5-7 scaberulous ribs, but not hairy, flat above, incurved below, so that the inner palea is clearly visible. About 10-14 mm. long and narrowing somewhat suddenly into the smooth stiff awn, shorter than itself. Indications of a tooth at each side of the base of the awn. Caryopsis somewhat flattened, thin and long, barge-shaped, 8-10 × 1·5-2 mm., pointed at both ends, brown, hairy at the tip with the remains of the stigma. “Seed” often purplish. Rachilla long and slender. Must be carefully distinguished from _Brachypodium_, which has the palea less inrolled and a stouter rachilla. _Bromus giganteus_ has a shorter and flatter “seed” and longer awn. _Bromus asper_, Murr. (Fig. 71). Palea often reddish, 5-7 ribbed and usually roughly hairy, mid-rib scaberulous, about 15 mm. long, linear-lanceolate (barge-shaped), the tip more distinctly two-toothed and tapering more gradually into the smooth awn, about its own length. Rachilla distinct. Otherwise resembling _B. erectus_. _B. giganteus_ has a shorter “seed” and longer awn. ΔΔ _Palea scarcely hairy: awn up to twice its length._ _Bromus sterilis._ _B. giganteus._ _Bromus sterilis_, L. (Fig. 50). Palea nearly smooth, somewhat inrolled, terete-lanceolate-acuminate, tough, red-brown, 12-15 mm. long, seven-ribbed, with a long serrulate awn (20-30 mm. or more) practically terminal. Ribs serrate. Caryopsis 9-10 mm. long, flattened, thin. Rachilla distinct, smooth, much wrapped in, widens upwards and is somewhat flattened. The very slender and long “seed” and caryopsis distinguish this from all but _B. erectus_, which has a shorter awn. Perhaps the awn is truly terminal: if so it should go with _Festuca Myurus_, &c. (see p. 171). The length varies greatly. _Bromus giganteus_, L. Palea 7 mm. long and inrolled, the base and rachilla bristly, indistinctly 5-7 nerved, the tip bifid: sub-terminal awn serrulate, 12-15 mm. long. Caryopsis 4·5 mm. long, flattened, thin, glabrous. The caryopsis is shorter and more ovoid than in other Bromes. ≡≡ _Palea expanded above (coracle-shaped), awn from sinus between two blunt or triangular teeth._ _Bromus arvensis._ _Bromus arvensis_, var. _mollis_, L. (Fig. 73). Palea oblong or obovate, somewhat flattened above (coracle-shaped), distinctly 5-7 ribbed, 8-9 mm. long, not hairy, though the ribs may be ciliate. Awn smooth, arising from the depression between two teeth or rounded projections. Caryopsis flattened and thin, 6 × 1·5 mm.; apt to fall loose from the paleæ. In the variety _B. secalinus_ the awn is usually shorter than the elliptical palea, and originates in the sinus of a notch (Fig. 74): in _B. mollis_ from between two teeth, and is as long as the obovate palea. _Bromus maximus_ and _B. madritensis_ are both rare.