Great captains : $b A course of six lectures showing the influence on the art of war of the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick, and Napoleon — John Shaqi
Great captains : $b A course of six lectures showing the influence on the art of war of the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick, and NapoleonDodge, Theodore Ayrault
History
Great captains : $b A course of six lectures showing the influence on the art of war of the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick, and Napoleon
Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
Alexander, the Great, 356 B.C.-323 B.C. -- Military leadership; Caesar, Julius -- Military leadership; Frederick II, King of Prussia, 1712-1786; Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, 1594-1632; Hannibal, 247 B.C.-182 B.C.; Military biography; Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 -- Military leade
While this was going on, the light troops of both sides had been
withdrawn through the intervals, and had formed in the rear and on
the flanks of legion and phalanx, ready to fill gaps and supply the
heavy foot with weapons. This had uncovered Hannibal’s salient. Varro
had committed still another blunder. In the effort to make his line so
strong as to be irresistible, he had ordered his maniples of principes
from the second line forward into the intervals of the maniples of
hastati in first line, thus making one solid wall and robbing the
legionaries of their accustomed mobility, as well as lending them
a feeling of uncertainty in their novel formation. Still, with its
wonted spirit, the heavy Roman line advanced on Hannibal’s salient. The
Carthaginian wings could not yet be reached, being so much refused.
Striking the apex, the fighting became furious. Hannibal’s salient, as
proposed, began to withdraw, holding its own in good style. Varro, far
too eager, and seeing, as he thought, speedy victory before him, was
again guilty of the folly of ordering the third line, the triarii, and
even the light troops, up to the support of the already overcrowded
first and second lines. The Carthaginian centre, supported by its
skirmishers, held the ground with just enough tenacity to whet the
determination of the Romans to crush it. Varro now insanely ordered
still more forces in from his wings to reënforce his centre, already
a mass so crowded as to be unable to retain its organization, but
pressing back the Carthaginians by mere weight of mass. He could not
better have played into Hannibal’s hands. The Romans--three men in the
place of one--struggled onward, but became every moment a more and more
jumbled body. Its maniple formation, and consequent ease of movement,
was quite lost. Still, it pushed forward, as if to certain victory,
and still the Carthaginian salient fell back, till from a salient it
became a line, from a line a reëntering angle or crescent. Hannibal,
by great personal exertions, had in an extraordinary manner preserved
the steadiness and formation of his centre, though outnumbered four to
one. The Carthaginian wings he now ordered slowly to advance, which
all the more edged the Roman centre into the _cul-de-sac_ Hannibal had
prepared. The Roman legionaries were already shouting their eager cry
of victory; but so herded together had they got that there was no room
to use their weapons. Hannibal had kept the Carthaginian centre free
from any feeling of demoralization, and ready at his command to turn
and face the enemy. The wings, by their advance, had hustled the Roman
legions into the form of a wedge without a vestige of maniple formation
left. The decisive moment had come. Hannibal seized it with the eye
of the born soldier. Arresting the backward movement of the centre,
which still had elbow-room to fight, as the Romans had not, he gave
the orders to the wings which they were impatiently awaiting. These
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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