[46] A. W. Moger, _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (New York: Columbia University, 1940), p. 46. Citing census data, the thesis notes that "the value of farm implements and machinery on farms in Virginia and West Virginia combined was only two-thirds of what it was in Virginia in 1860, while the value of livestock in the two states was only four-fifths of that in Virginia in 1860. Not until 1880 did the number of cattle and not until after the turn of the century did the number of swine in Virginia and West Virginia equal the number in the Old Dominion before the war." [47] "Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870," in _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-291, 273, 291. [48] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone Printing Co., 1894). While railroad and water transportation were available from Alexandria to major metropolitan markets for farm products, the farmer faced the obstacles of traversing Virginia's notoriously poor farm-to-market roads. [49] _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870, p. 268. [50] R. H. Abbott, "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860," _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1, pp. 56-66 (January 1968). See also the _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870, p. 291, which states "a striking mark of progress is the change of the policy of the planters toward the outside world. Formerly they were indisposed to encourage immigration from other States. There was, therefore, no accession to the population of the rural district from abroad. The same traditions and habits descended from father to son through successive generations. Now all this is altered. Strangers from every State and every country are cordially welcomed whenever they show any disposition to become permanent settlers and industrious citizens. The consequence is that in many counties a strong tide of immigration is setting in, bearing with it improved stock and better implements, which cannot fail to impart a healthy impulse to improvement." [51] Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 45. See remarks of Governor Henry Wise in 1867 and A. H. H. Stuart in 1866, cited therein.