[5] Manuel Alvarez was a native of Spain, who showed much enterprise in establishing the trade between the United States and New Mexico. In 1839 he was appointed United States consul at Santa Fé, an office which he held until the American conquest. In 1849 he took part in the new state movement, and was by the suffrages of the people elected governor; but Congress having erected New Mexico into a territory, the state government lapsed.--ED. [6] Powhattan Ellis, for notice of whom, see our volume xix, p. 274, note 100 (Gregg).--ED. [7] Originally a _fuero_ was any form of charter or privilege granted to a kingdom, province, town, or person. _Fueros_ played great part in the constitutional development of Spain and her colonies.--ED. [8] The "Laws of the Indies," or the codification of the ordinances, acts, etc., passed by the Council of the Indies and other administrative Spanish authorities for the government of the colonies, was first issued at Madrid in 1681, under the title _Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de Indias_. A fourth edition, under the direction of the Council of the Indies, issued in 1791.--ED. [9] Madame Frances Erskine Inglis Calderon de la Barca was a Scotchwoman married to a Spaniard who was minister to the United States, and later to Mexico. While in the latter country, she published _Life in Mexico_ (London, 1843), an interesting, racy series of letters on the manners and customs of Spanish America.--ED. [10] The _puro_ is a common cigar of _pure_ tobacco; but the term _cigarro_ or _cigarrito_ is applied to those made of cut tobacco rolled up in a strip of paper or corn-husk. The latter are by far in the most general use in New Mexico, even among the men, and are those only smoked by the females. In this province cigarros are rarely sold in the shops, being generally manufactured by every one just as they are needed. Their expertness in this 'accomplishment' is often remarkable. The mounted vaquero will take out his _guagito_ (his little tobacco-flask), his packet of _hojas_ (or prepared husks), and his flint, steel, etc.,--make his cigarrito, strike fire and commence smoking in a minute's time--all while at full speed: and the next minute will perhaps lazo the wildest bull without interrupting his smoke.--GREGG. CHAPTER XIII