[38] [Literally, 'leaning-up-against type'; from the Greek 'ἁνακλἱνω' 'I lean up against'. In the first phase of their development the sexual instincts have no independent means of finding satisfaction; they do so by propping themselves upon or 'leaning up against' the self-preservative instincts. The individual's first choice of a sexual object is said to be of the 'anaclitic type' when it follows this path; that is, when he choses as his first sexual object the same person who has satisfied his early non-sexual needs. For a full discussion of the anaclitic and narcissistic types of object-choice compare 'Zur Einführung des Narzissmus.--_Translator._] [39] See _Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_, and Abraham's 'Untersuchungen über die früheste prägenitale Entwicklungsstufe der Libido', _Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse_, 1916, Bd, IV; also included in his _Klinische Beiträge zur Psychoanalyse_ (Internationale psychoanalytische Bibliothek. Nr. 10, 1921). [40] [_Kleine Schriften zur Neurosenlehre._ Zweite Folge.] [41] Marcuszewicz: 'Beitrag zum autistischen Denken bei Kindern.' _Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse_, 1920, Bd. VI. [42] ['Trauer und Melancholie.' _Kleine Schriften zur Neurosenlehre_, Vierte Folge, 1918.] [43] ['_Instanz_'--like 'instance' in the phrase 'court of first instance'--was originally a legal term. It is now used in the sense of one of a hierarchy of authorities or functions.--_Translator._] [44] 'Zur Einführung des Narzissmus', 'Trauer und Melancholie.' [45] 'Zur Einführung des Narzissmus.' [46] We are very well aware that we have not exhausted the nature of identification with these samples taken from pathology, and that we have consequently left part of the riddle of group formations untouched. A far more fundamental and comprehensive psychological analysis would have to intervene at this point. A path leads from identification by way of imitation to empathy, that is, to the comprehension of the mechanism by means of which we are enabled to take up any attitude at all towards another mental life. Moreover there is still much to be explained in the manifestations of existing identifications. These result among other things in a person limiting his aggressiveness towards those with whom he has identified himself, and in his sparing them and giving them help. The study of such identifications, like those, for instance, which lie at the root of clan feeling, led Robertson Smith to the surprising result that they rest upon the recognition of a common substance (_Kinship and Marriage_, 1885), and may even therefore be brought about by a meal eaten in common. This feature makes it possible to connect this kind of identification with the early history of the human family which I constructed in _Totem und Tabu_. [47] Cf. _Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_, l.c. [48] 'Über die allgemeinste Erniedrigung des Liebeslebens.' _Kleine Schriften zur Neurosenlehre_, Vierte Folge, 1918.