_Educational Series 5_ _Guide to_ ROCKS AND MINERALS OF ILLINOIS _Illinois State Geological Survey_ [Illustration: uncaptioned] STATE of ILLINOIS William G. Stratton, Governor DEPARTMENT of REGISTRATION and EDUCATION Vera M. Binks, Director First printing 1959 Second printing 1960 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John C. Frye, Chief URBANA, ILLINOIS Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois _Guide to_ ROCKS AND MINERALS OF ILLINOIS Illinois has so long been known as the Prairie State that at first glance it seems a most unlikely place in which to collect rock and mineral specimens. But Illinois has a surprising wealth of rock and mineral resources, not only to be collected as interesting specimens but to be put to practical and profitable use. The rich prairies that gave the state its nickname are themselves derived from ancient rocks, worn and changed by millions of years of action by weather, water, wind, plants, and animals. Unmeasured depths of rock underlie the prairies, hills, and valleys, and in some parts of the state are exposed in outcrops, canyons, and river valleys. Boulders and gravel brought in by the glaciers thousands of years ago are strewn over many parts of the state. These resources are of great value. Besides the rich agriculture based on the rock-derived soil, much of our industry, manufacturing, and transportation is dependent on rock and mineral materials. Every county in Illinois possesses some rocks and minerals that either are being used or have potential future value. The Illinois State Geological Survey several years ago began to prepare sets of typical rocks and minerals of Illinois for use by the schools and other educational groups in Illinois. This booklet is designed to furnish a brief geological background and explanation of these common Illinois rocks and minerals. It also should be useful to the student or amateur interested in making his own collection. Even though Illinois has no mountain ranges or deep canyons, the geology of the state has many complexities. In fact, the very flatness of our topography is a complicating factor because in order to study the geology at many places in the state it is necessary to use information from mines and descriptions (logs) and samples (cores) of the rock penetrated during drilling of deep wells. There are also geophysical methods of learning something about the rocks beneath the surface. [Illustration: Fig. 1.—Geologic map of Illinois.]