[91] “From the fir and such like evergreen trees may be prepared a fiercely-burning mixture” (ἀπὸ τῆς πεύκης καὶ ἄλλων τινῶν τοιούτων δένδρων ἀειθαλῶν συνάγεται δάκρυον εὔκαυστον). Ib. See Æneas’ mixture in Table II. Anna’s recipe is intentionally incomplete. [92] Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐθάδες ἦσαν τοιούτων σκευῶν ἢ πυρὸς, ἄνω μὲν φύσει τὴν φορὰν ἔχοντος, πεμπομένου δ’ ἐφ’ ἃ βούλεται ὁ πέμπων κατά τε τὸ πρανὲς πολλάκις καὶ ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα. “Alex.,” _l._ xi., _c._ 10. [93] The earliest notice of steam, as a motive power, is found in the _Pneumatica_ of Heron of Alexandria, _cir._ 130 B.C. No further progress seems to have been made until the publication of the _Pneumatica_ of Giambattista della Porta in 1601. Perkins’ steam-gun was exhibited in 1824. [94] Ἐχέτω δὲ πάντως τὸν σίφωνα κατὰ τὴν πρώραν ἔμπροσθεν χαλκῷ ἠμφιεσμένον. “Tactics,” xix. § 6. There is no ambiguity about the word ἠμφιεσμένον, which is commonly applied to clothing, _e.g._ ἄνθρωπον ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις ἠμφιεσμένον = “a man clothed in soft raiment,” Luke vii. 25. I mention this because it has been stated and restated that the siphons were _made_ of bronze, instead of being “clothed” or “cased” with bronze. [95] Ἐσκευασμένον πῦρ ... διὰ τῶν σιφώνων πεμπόμενον. Ib., § 51. [96] See p. 34 _n._ [97] Ὁι δὲ σίφωνες οἷς χρῶνται εἰς τοῖς εμπρησμοῖς κατασκευάζονται οὕτως. “Spiritalia,” in _Vet. Mathemat. Op._, ed. Thévenot, p. 180. [98] “Nullus usquam in publico sipho, nulla hama, nullum denique instrumentum ad incendia;” _l._ x., _c._ 48, ed. Titze, p. 252. [99] Ὄργανον ἐις πρόεσιν ὑδάτων ἐν τοῖς ἐμπρησμοῖς. [100] Πρὸς δὲ τοὺς προσφερομένους πύργους εἰς τὸ τεῖχος, ἵνα ὦσι στρεπτὰ μετὰ λαμπροῦ καὶ συφώνια καὶ χειροσύφωνα καὶ μαγγανικά. In Meursii, Op. VI., 1349. In his “Lex. of Byzantine Greek” Sophocles gives λαμπρόν = φῶς, πῦρ. [101] Ἡ δὲ τζάγγρα τόξον μέν ἐστι βαρβαρικὸν καὶ Ἕλλησι παντελῶς ἀγνοούμενον. “Alex.,” ii. _c._ 8. [102] Ἐν ἑκάστῃ πρώρᾳ τῶν πλοίων διὰ χαλκῶν καὶ σιδήρων λεόντων καὶ αλλοίων χερσαίων ζῴων κεφαλὰς, μετὰ στομάτων ἀνεῳγμένων, κατασκευάσας, χρυσῷ τε περιστείλας αὐτά, ὡς ἐκ μόνης θέας φοβερὸν φαίνεσθαι, τὸ διὰ τῶν στρεπτῶν κατὰ τῶν πολεμίων μέλλον ἀφίεσθαι πῦρ, διὰ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν παρεσκεύασε διιέναι. “Alex.,” xi. 10. The obscurity in style of both the Royal writers was no doubt intentional. [103] Berthelot, _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Aug. 15, 1891, p. 800. [104] American official “Hist. of the War of Rebellion,” ser. 1, vol. xxviii. pt. 1, p. 33. [105] “Greek Fire,” in “Ency. Brit.,” ninth ed. [106] _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Aug. 15, 1891, p. 792. [107] Webber’s “Metrical Romances.” [108] _Liber Gardrobæ_ of Ed. I., in Tytler’s “Hist. of Scotland,” i. 181. [109] Barbour’s “The Bruce,” bk. xvii., quoted by General R. Maclagan in _Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal_, xlv. 30 _ff._ [110] Froissart, vol. i. pt. 2, _c._ 21, p. 332; _c._ 26, p. 337. [111] Diedo, “Hist. of the Republic of Venise,” ii. 228 _ff._; Paruta, _Storia della Guerra di Cipro_, 88 _ff._