[142] Not a genuine Greek word, although used by Herodotus. [143] Gibbon, vi. 103, Bury’s ed. [144] Romocki, i. 7 _n._ [145] Reinaud and Favé, p. 49. [146] Jähns, 512 _n._ [147] “Hist. Hierosol.,” _l._ vii. _c._ 33. [148] _Hist. Rerum Anglicarum_, _l._ iv. _c._ 19. A work carried up to the year 1198. [149] In his summary of Masudi’s “Book of Indication and Admonition,” appended to the “Golden Prairies,” Paris ed., ix. 311. [150] Ib., i 198. [151] “Tale of the Tailor,” i. 280, 285, Burton’s ed., 1894. [152] “Archæologia,” xxxiv. 261. [153] “Assyrian Discoveries,” p. 407. [154] R. Grant, “Hist. of Physical Astronomy,” p. 435. [155] Prof. Whitney, “Language and the Study of Language,” 1867, p. 259. [156] Humboldt’s “Cosmos,” ii., pt. ii. p. 523, Bohn’s ed. [157] Plutarch, “Alexander,” 35. [158] Humboldt, ib. [159] “Le mot χαλκος et le mot _æs_ en latin comprennaient à la fois le cuivre et ses alliages colorés en rouge ou en jaune.”—Berthelot, ii. 122 _n._ [160] “Golden Prairies,” Paris ed., iii. 49. [161] _Chrestomathie Arabe_, iii. 456. [162] Berthelot, i. 306. [163] Rāy’s “Hindu Chemistry,” p. 50. [164] _Chrestomathie Arabe_, ii. 482. [165] _Dict. Lat.-Hispanico_, 1570, but written half a century before. [166] Minsheu, “Span.-English Dict.,” 1623. [167] Mr. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, “Hist. of Spanish Literature,” p. 19. He is speaking of the Crusade period. [168] “Literature of Europe,” &c., _c._ ix. § 4. [169] Berthelot, i. 232. [170] Ib., i. 130, 135. [171] Gibbon, vi 11, Bury’s ed. [172] _Alexiad_, xi. 10. [173] “Urbem machinis et propugnaculis munit (Alexius), quorum similia nemo viderit unquam.”—Duchesne, _Hist. Franc. Script._, v. 279. [174] “Ency. Brit.,” xv. 805. [175] “The Golden Prairies” of Masudi, Paris, 1873, vii. 100. [176] “J. Mesuæ ... Opera,” Venice, 1581, p. 85. Fabricius thought this Greek physician might have been Gereon (_qui forte est Gereon_), _Bibliotheca Græca_, Hamburg, 1718-52, xiii. 172. I cannot follow MM. Reinaud and Favé and Herr von Romocki in identifying him with Dioskorides. The evidence (from the description of the cyclamen and the preparation of the syrup) seems to point the other way. The past tense, _dixit_, in the passage in the text, would seem to show that Ibn Serapion was dead when it was written. The present tense, _dicit_, indicates similarly that “Græcus” was then living, a contemporary of Masawyah’s. Yet Dutens speaks of his having lived “avant le médicin arabe.” [177] _L’Origine des Découvertes_, 1796, p. 198. [178] _Bibliot. Græc._, xiii. 320. His _Bibliot. Latina_ contains no allusion to Marcus Græcus. Galen died in 200 A.D. [179] Guttmann, “Manufac. of Explosives,” 1895, i. 8-9. [180] Recipes 1, 2, 10, &c. [181] “Artem illam mortiferam et Deo odibilem balistariorum et sagittariorum adversus Christianos et Catholicos exerceri de cetero sub anathemate prohibemus.”—_Concil. Rom._, ann. 1139, _c._ 30.