[182] Caussin de Perceval, _Essai sur l’hist. des Arabes_, ii. 17. [183] Muir’s “Life of Mahomet,” p. 432; Caussin de Perceval, iii. 257. [184] Devout Moslem commentators explain “baked” to mean “baked in hell.” See Sale’s trans. _ad loc._ [185] Masudi’s “Golden Prairies,” Paris ed., v. 166. [186] “Chachnama,” in Elliot, i. 170. [187] Ib., vi. 462. [188] Masudi, ii. 350. [189] See Burton’s note, “Arab. Nights,” xii. 38. [190] I have been unable to find a copy of Gauttier’s “Arab. Nights,” Paris, 1822, and quote him as given in Burton, xii 38. [191] _Supplement aux Dictionaires Arabes_, Leyden, 1877, under قوس. [192] _Dict. d’Etymologie Française_, Brussels, 1888. [193] viii. 17-18. [194] “Hailstones full of wrath shall be cast as out of a stone bow.”—“Wisdom of Solomon,” v. 22. “Oh for a stone bow, to hit him in the eye!”—“Twelfth Night,” ii. 5. [195] Sacy, _Chrestomathie Arabe_, iii. 68. [196] “The Book of Archery,” London, 1840, p. 236. [197] Burton’s ed., 1894, ii. 338. [198] Burton’s ed., 1894, i. 98. [199] Elliot, iii. 526. [200] Elliot, vi. 219. [201] “Decline and Fall,” &c., vi. 226 _n._ [202] In Elliot, vi. 455. [203] Ib. [204] Ib., 456. [205] In Masudi’s “ Golden Prairies,” c. 93:— وكثر الحريق والهدم ببغداد وعملت المنجنيقات نين القريقين A large number of instances of the actual use of incendiaries in Asia will be found in General Maclagan’s “Early Asiatic Fire Weapons,” _Jour. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal_, xlv. p. 30 _ff._ [206] _Shahnama_, Mohl’s ed., vol. vi. p. 212, _l._ 628:— همي قير و قروره انداحتند زدروازها جنك برساختبد [207] Schefer, _Chrestomathie Persane_, i. 48-49. [208] Reinaud and Favé, p. 65. [209] William of Tyre, _Hist._, &c., Paris, 1844, p. 123. [210] Bongars, _Gesta Dei per Francos_, p. 178. [211] Albert d’Aix, in Reinaud and Favé, p. 62. [212] Boha ed-Din, ib. [213] T. Gale, _Hist. Anglicani Scriptores_, Oxford, 1687, ii. 327. [214] Paris ed., 1668, p. 39 _ff._ [215] ii. 7. Milton uses the phrase, _nitrati pulveris igne_, in his juvenile Latin poem, “In Quintum Novembris,” _l._ 120. [216] See p. 17. He was a Spanish Arab, born near Malaga. [217] Reinaud and Favé, p. 66 _n._ If this Arab is identical with Shaykhun al-Omari, the Egyptian grand amir, he died in 758 A.H. (1356 A.D.). Sacy’s _Chrest. Arabe_, i. 272. [218] Jähns, p. 775. [219] See “Cannon at Cressy,” by the present writer, _Proceed. R. A. Inst._, vol. xxvi. [220] وعمل الحركة الى مدينة بسطة فاخذ فى حلفها ونشر الحرب عليها ورمى بالالة العظمى المتحدة بالنفط كرة محماة طاقة البرج المنيع—_Bib. Arab. Hispan._, ii. 7. [221] “Ille castra movens, multo milite, hostium urbem Baza obsedit, ubi machinam illam maximam naphta et globo instructam, admoto igne, in munitam arcem cum strepitu explosit.”—Ib. [222] Conde, p. 559. [223] iii. 83-4. [224] _Hist. du Roy Saint Loys_, Paris, 1668, p. 69 _ff._ [225] Elliot, ii. 219. [226] Elliot, iii. 79. [227] _Saxa fulminis more contorquet_, De Re Militari, iv. 22.