[469] “Nun werden unterechiedliche Pulver gemacht, jedoch aber allein drey Sorten zum meistens gebraucht.” _Halinitro Pyrbolia_, Ulm, p. 6. [470] Chap. xxiii. fol. 28. [471] “Receuil de Plusieurs Machines Militaires et Feux d’Artifices,” &c., Pont-à-Mousson, 1620, p. 14. [472] “The Gunner,” p. 145. [473] “The Gunner” p. 145. [474] pp. 4, 5. [475] “Inventions and Devices,” 1578; No. 54, “Art of Shooting,” &c., p. 28. [476] Ib., Preface. [477] _Halinitro Pyrbolia_, Ulm, 1627, p. 9. [478] Chap. xvi. p. 29. [479] Napoleon III., iv. 54. [480] Ib., 53. [481] “Traité ... de fabriquer la Poudre,” &c. Bottée and Riffault, 1811, p. lij. [482] Marquis de Chambray, _Œuvres_, v. 293-4. [483] “Dieses Pendel wurde mit Recht als ein epochmachende Erfindung bezeichnet.” Gen. H. Müller, _Entwickelung der Feldartillerie_, Berlin, 1893, i. 23. To save the time of any of my readers who wish to read Gen. Müller’s remarks on our Artillery, I may mention that they will not be found under the heading “England,” but under the comprehensive heading _Die kleineren Staaten_, grouped with Greece, Switzerland, &c., ii 272. [484] See Wheatstone’s own account of his instrument in the _Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences_, 1845, tom. xx. pp. 1554-61. [485] “Nous reconnaissons, avec l’abbé Moigno, que M. Wheatstone a eu le premier l’idée de la belle application dont il est ici question.... Il a fallu du temps et du travail pour rendre féconde, dans les expériences d’Artillerie, la belle idée de M. Wheatstone.” Cap. Navez, _L’Application de l’Electricité à la mesure de la Vitesse des Projectiles_, Paris, 1853. PP· 4, 5. [486] “Report on Experiments on the Properties ... of Cannon Powder,” Boston, Mass., 1861, pp. 174, 299. Table VI. is taken from this Report. [487] 1886. [488] Bk. IV., _c._ 62. [489] Romocki, ii. 7-10. [490] “Vulgar Errors,” 1648, Bk. II., c. 5. [491] Roger Bacon’s powder, see chap. viii. [492] Doctor Arderne’s powder, a laboratory receipt. [493] Whitehorne’s “ordinary” common powder, chap. xxiii., fol. 28. [494] Nye, pp. 4, 5. [495] Sir James Turner’s _Pallas Armata_, 1670, p. 188. [496] Robins’ “New Principles of Gunnery,” 1742, p. 120. [497] Bishop Watson’s “Chemical Essays,” 1781, ii. 16. [498] MS. in _Bib. Nat._, Paris, given in Lacabane’s _Bib. de l’École des Chartes_, 2 ser., i. 51. The quantity of charcoal is not given. [499] Spak’s _Öfversigt öfver Artilleriets Uppkomst_, &c., Stockholm, 1878-81, p. 66.