_Projectiles._--The projectiles which figure in the illustrations were those employed by the nations at war. They are derived (1) from the Turkish pointed bullet weighing approximately 15.0 grams--it is fired from the German Mauser and has all the ballistic values of the projectile from this weapon; (2) the Bulgarian bullet, blunt nosed or ogival headed and the same as the steel-jacketed bullet of the Austrian Mannlicher; (3) shrapnel balls and fragments of the shrapnel, and (4) fragments of steel shells from field artillery. During the evolution of reduced caliber rifles experiments were made on cadavers at different ranges. In the published writings of these workers a great deal was said on the subject of highly destructive effects which are pretty generally described as _explosive effects_. The experimenters were careful to explain that these exaggerated and highly destructive effects were only seen when firing into cadavers at close ranges and when the bullet traveling at a maximum velocity happened to collide with resistant structures like the compact substance of bone in the diaphysis of the long bones, such as the femur, tibia, humerus, etc., and the head, as well as organs loaded with fluid or semifluid masses like the stomach, urinary bladder, and intestines. In other tissues offering but little resistance like lung tissues, soft parts generally, and epiphyseal ends of bone, the wounds inflicted were considered humane in character. Attention should be called to the infrequency of wounds showing explosive effects by the rifles of reduced caliber employed in the Turko-Balkan and Spanish-American wars. The same thing may be said of the Turko-Italian, Anglo-Boer, and Russo-Japanese wars, all of which were fought with the new armament. The reason for the infrequency of the explosive effects in these wars is due to the fact that the battles were fought in the open at the ordinary battle ranges beyond the zone of explosive effects. This fact is all the more emphasized in the present world war, in which the rifle fire is employed principally in trench warfare at near-by ranges, and where all the wounds which involve the resistant structures of the body show the characteristic features usually described as those of explosive effects. In describing the plates the terms used in connection with range are as follows: (1) Close range, from 0 to 100 yards. (2) Short range, from 100 to 500 yards. (3) Mid range, from 500 to 1,000 yards. (4) Long range, from 1,000 to 2,000 yards. The wound effects of the modern military rifle bullet at various ranges are usually classified as follows: (1) Explosive range, from 0 to 500 yards. (2) Perforating range, from 500 to 1,500 yards. (3) Penetrating range, from 1,500 to 2,500 yards.