XX. Vindolanda, Corstopitum, Bewcastle Conclusion Index {xxiii} LIST OF PLATES IN COLOUR 1. Thirlwall Castle ... _Frontispiece_ 2. North Gate of Housesteads Mile-castle 3. The Wall on Peel Crag 4. Thorny Doors Gap 5. The Wall Overhanging the Irthing 6. View looking South from Amboglanna IN MONOCHROME 7. The Wall from Cuddy's Crag 8. The Bath-house at Cilurnum 9. The Basalt Cliffs above Crag Lough 10. North Gate, Borcovicium 11. Crag Lough from Milking Gap 12. Castle Nick Mile-Castle 13. Peel Crag, from the Gap 14. The Roman Milestone on the Stanegate MAPS Contour of Wall-ridge Map of Hadrian's Wall {xxiv} LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT FIG. 1. Section of the Wall and Vallum 2. Comparative Plans of Mile-castle and Wall-turret 3. Sections of Vallum in Three Stages 4. Roman Head from Benwell Hill 5. Roman Altar from Rudchester 6. Plan of Roman Bridge near Cilurnum 7. Lewis for Lifting Stones 8. Plan of Fort of Cilurnum 9. Fortification Turrets from Trajan's Column 10. Fortification Gates from Trajan's Column 11. Gate of Fort on Mosaic, Avignon Museum 12. Plan of Fort of Borcovicium 13. Cross-Section of Fort Wall 14. Comparative Plans of Fort Gates {xxv} LIST OF FORTS ON THE WALL WHOSE ANCIENT NAME IS KNOWN. Miles Great Wall joins its Fort. Modern Name. between. Size. Gates. Troops stationed there. Wall. Segedunum Wallsend -- 3½ acres 4 4th Cohort Lingones North Jamb of W. gateway Pons Aelii Newcastle 4 ? 4 1st Cohort Cornovii ? Condercum Benwill Hill 2¼ ? 4 1st Ala Asturians Midway Vindobala Rudchester 7 3½ acres 6 1st Cohort Frixagi (Frisii) " Hunnum Halton Chesters 7½ 4¼ " 4 Ala Saviniana " Cilurnum Walwick Chesters 6 5¼ " 6 2nd Ala Asturians " Procolitia Carrawburgh 3½ 3½ " 4 1st Cohort Batavians North Rampart Borcovicium Housesteads nearly 5 n'ly 5 " 4 1st Cohort Tungrians " " Vindolanda Chesterholm -- 3¼ acres 4 4th Cohort Gauls Lies 1 mile south of Great Wall Æsica Great Chesters 5½ 3 " 4 1st Cohort Asturians North rampart Magna Carvoran 2½ 3½ " 4 2nd Cohort Dalmatians Lies to south of both Wall and Vallum Amboglanna Birdoswald 3¼ 5½ " 6 1st Cohort Dacians North rampart 46½ miles from Wallsend. {xxvii} HADRIAN'S WALL {1} HADRIAN'S WALL CHAPTER I THE MESSAGE OF THE WALL