_The Seafarer_, translated in P. & S., 68-70; C. & T., 44-49; Morley, II., 21-26; Brooke, 362, 363. _The Fortunes of Men_, trans. in P. & S., 79-81; Morley, II., 32-37. _Battle of Brunanburh_, Tennyson's translation. What were the chief subjects of the songs of the scop? How do they reveal the life of the time? Is there any common quality running through them? What qualities of this verse appear in modern poetry? Beowulf.--This important poem should be read entire in one of the following translations: Child's _Beowulf (Riverside Literature Series)_; Earle's _The Deeds of Beowulf, Done into Modern Prose_ (Clarendon Press); Gummere's _The Oldest English Epic_; Morris and Wyatt's _The Tale of Beowulf_; Hall's _Beowulf, Translated into Modern Metres_; Lumsden's _Beowulf, an Old English Poem, Translated into Modern Rhymes_ (the most readable poetic translation). Translations of many of the best parts of _Beowulf_ may be found in P. & S. 5-29; C. & T., 9-24; Morley, I. 278-310; Brooke 26-73. Where did the exploits celebrated in the poem take place? Where was Heorot? What was the probably time of the completion of _Beowulf_? Describe the hero's three exploits. What analogy is there between the conflict of natural forces in the Norseland and Beowulf's fight with Grendel? What different attitude toward nature is manifest in modern poetry? What is the moral lesson of the poem? Show that its chief characteristics are typical of the Anglo-Saxon race. Caedmonian Cycle.--Some of the strongest passages may be found in P. & S., 30-45; C. & T., 104-120; Morley, II. 81-101; Brooke, 290-340. Read at the same time from Milton's _Paradise Lost_, Book I., lines 44-74, 169-184, 248-263, and _passim_. What evidence do we find in this cycle of the introduction of Christianity? Who takes the place of Grendel? What account of Caedmon does Bede give? What is the subject matter of this cycle? Cynewulf Cycle.--_The Poems of Cynewulf_, translated by C.W. Kennedy. Translations of parts of this cycle may be found in Whitman's _The Christ of Cynewulf_, and _The Exeter Book_, translated by Gollancz. Good selections are translated in P. & S., 46-55; C. & T., 79-103; and 132-142: Morley, II., 206-241; Brooke, 371-443. For selections from the _Phoenix_, see P & S, 54-65; C.& T., 143-163. What new qualities does this cycle show? What is the subject matter of its most important poems? What is especially noticeable about the_ Andreas and the Phoenix_? _General Characteristics of the Verse._--What is its usual form? What most striking passages (a) in Beowulf; (b) elsewhere, show the Saxon love of war and of the sea? Instance some similes and make a list of vivid metaphors. What are the most striking parallelisms found in your readings? What conspicuous differences are there between Saxon and Celtic imagery? (See Morley, l, 165-239, or Guest's _Mabinogion_). What excellencies and defects seem to you most pronounced in Anglo-Saxon verse?