INTERNALLY ADMINISTERED. Medicines that Act on the Stomach and Intestines or their Contents. =Cathartics.=--Agents that cause purgation: aloes, calomel, Epsom salts, common salt and sulphur, croton, linseed, and castor oils, injections and mashes. =Anthelmintics.=--Agents that destroy or expel worms: nearly all cathartics, tartarated antimony, and sulphide of iron. =Nauseants.=--Agents that induce nausea: aloes and white hellebore. =Antacids.=--Agents that counteract acidity: soap and the carbonates of lime, magnesia, soda, and potash. =Alteratives.=--Agents that bring about a healthy state of the system: aloes, calomel, cod-liver oil, sulphur, nitrate of potash. =Cardiacs.=--Agents that invigorate the system by stimulating the stomach: Cayenne pepper, ginger, gentian, caraway seeds. =Demulcents.=--Agents that lubricate or sheathe surfaces: glycerine, gum-arabic, linseed, and starch. =Antidotes.=--Agents that counteract the effects of poisons: depending upon the kind of poison. Medicines that Act upon the Brain, Nerves, and Nerve-centres. =Excitants.=--Agents that stimulate the brain, nerves, and nerve-centres, and thus increase their energy: alcohol, ammonia, arnica, strychnia. =Narcotics.=--Agents that are excitants, but whose action is followed by depression of energy: camphor, henbane, belladonna, opium. =Sedatives.=--Agents that depress nervous power or lower circulation: digitalis, hydrocyanic acid, tartarated antimony, and chloroform. =Antispasmodics.=--Agents that prevent or allay cramps: alcohol, ethers, oil of turpentine, opium. Medicines that Act upon Glands or Glandular Structures. =Stimulants.=--Agents that act upon the glands generally: calomel, oxide of mercury, iodine and its compounds. =Diuretics.=--Agents that increase the secretion of urine: copaiba, nitrate of potash, turpentine, resin. =Parturients.=--Agents that cause contraction of the womb: ergot of rye. =Lithontriptics.=--Agents that dissolve calculi: hydrochloric acid, the fixed alkalies. =Diaphoretics.=--Agents that cause perspiration: colchicum, tartar emetic, acetate of ammonia, spirits of nitrous ether. Medicines that Act upon the Muscular Fibre. =Tonics.=--Agents that act gradually, and permanently improve digestion and nutrition: gentian, the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc, cascarilla bark, camomile flowers. =Astringents.=--Agents that cause contraction of muscular fibre: alum, catechu, oak-bark, tannic acid. EXTERNALLY ADMINISTERED. Medicines that Act upon the Skin and External Parts by Direct Application. =Refrigerants.=--Agents that diminish morbid heat of a part: salt and cold water, solutions of acetate and subacetate of lead. =Discutients.=--Agents that dispel enlargements: compounds of iodine, soap liniment, camphor.