=Rubefacients.=--Agents that cause heat or redness of skin without blistering: liniments of ammonia, tar and turpentine, vinegar. =Vesicants.=--Agents that produce blisters: cantharides, tartar emetic, croton-oil, hot water. =Caustics.=--Agents that decompose the part to which applied: carbolic, nitric, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acids; chlorides of antimony and zinc, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, sulphate of copper, hot iron. =Pyogenics.=--Agents that induce suppuration of wounds: liniment and ointment of turpentine, black hellebore. =Detergents.=--Agents that cleanse wounds and skin and excite them to healthy action: acetate of copper, creosote, liniment of sulphate of copper, ointment of chloride of ammonia and nitrate of mercury, sulphur and some of its compounds. =Astringents.=--Agents that diminish discharge from wounds: alum, sulphate of zinc, acetate of lead. =Antiseptics.=--Agents that destroy putrid condition of wounds: carbolic acid, salicylic acid, iodoform, charcoal, chloride of zinc, nitrate of potash, permanganate of potash, yeast. =Traumatics.=--Agents that excite healing in wounds: aloes, myrrh, collodion, oil of tar, resin, solutions of sulphate of copper and zinc. =Emollients.=--Agents that soften and relax parts: fomentations, lard, olive-oil, palm-oil, poultices. DRUGS AND DOSES, AND HOW TO ADMINISTER THEM. The most convenient method to administer medicine is either in the form of a bolus, gelatine capsule, or drench. Before proceeding to give medicine turn the animal around in stall in a position so that he cannot run backwards. If giving a drench, either hold head up by hand or pull it up by placing halter-shank over some high object, pulling head up; then place horn or bottle inside of mouth. Take plenty of time; induce the horse to move his tongue, instead of pinching his throat and pulling out tongue, as is customary and wrong in all cases. The tongue must pass back in mouth, or else horse cannot swallow. To give a bolus, pull out tongue gently with left hand, keeping the mouth open, pass bolus back over root of tongue with right; by proceeding slowly very little trouble will be experienced. If the animal will eat, medicine in the form of powder (provided it be not very repulsive to the taste) may be given in grain or mash, or dissolved in the water given to drink. =Aconite= (Tincture).--Useful in cases of fevers and inflammation. Dose, 15 to 30 drops, repeated every three hours; should be given in one ounce cold water. =Alcohol.=--Useful as a stimulant; one to three ounces, repeated every five hours, given in eight ounces cold water. =Aloes= (Barbadoes).--Useful as a cathartic. Dose, six to eight drachms, with two drachms powdered ginger, made into a bolus or pill; only one dose required. =Ammonia= (Aqua).--Useful as a stimulant. Dose, one half ounce, given three times a day in six ounces cold water.