THE CORNEAL REFLEX is elicited by pushing up the upper lid by one finger and with the pulp of the _same_ finger lightly brushing the centre of the cornea as soon as it is exposed, when we feel or see the upper lid come back into position with a sharp definite twitch. The examining finger must be slipped smartly out of the way as soon as the cornea has been touched. Even in deep anæsthesia, a trace of this reflex can usually be elicited if the little manipulation be properly performed. The conjunctival and corneal reflexes are frequently confused in the mind of the student. The most common mistake made is to pin the upper lid firmly somewhere in the region of the bony roof of the orbit, to dab the eye far too vigorously, and to believe that no reflex is present because no movement of the upper lid takes place. In the first place, the upper lid cannot move if it is rigidly held against a bony plate: in the second place, it is wholly unnecessary to inflict upon the cornea more than the lightest of touches. Both these reflexes are to be used with great discretion, undue frequency and excessive vigour of touch being alike capable of setting up serious inflammatory reaction. THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX is elicited by shutting off light from _both_ pupils for ten to twenty seconds and then smartly withdrawing the protecting fingers and allowing as strong a light as possible to fall on to the eye. The response of the ciliary muscle should _always_ be present; its absence is a certain indication of something wrong: some sluggishness may be permissible under ether, but even that is suggestive of trouble if chloroform is the anæsthetic. The use of a preliminary hypodermic of morphia tends to make the pupil somewhat smaller than normal, and to elicit the light reflex it may be necessary to cut off illumination for a somewhat longer period than if no morphia had been given. Nevertheless with a little care, the light reflex should always be capable of demonstration even in the morphinised subject. The Observation of a Normal Case. In the case of nitrous oxide and of ethyl chloride, the patient passes through the various stages very rapidly, and the picture of anæsthesia as induced by either of these two is therefore best described separately. The following may be taken, therefore, as an account of what is to be observed in the patient inhaling ether or chloroform, unless a specific reference is made to one of the other anæsthetics.