8. Slip the folded towel over the mask and tuck its base well round the chin and face. Do this only after the first two minutes have elapsed. 9. As soon as the neck muscles are relaxed, turn the patient’s head over to one side, and let the hands assume the position described in Chapter iii. and illustrated in Fig. 28C. 10. The student is warned to discourage the too early attentions of the nurse or house-surgeon. These officials are naturally anxious to “get the patient ready for the Chief” and are apt to start “cleaning up” before the patient has lost all consciousness. A man who is doing his level best to go to sleep, derives neither pleasure nor profit from a wholly unexpected dab of ice-cold methylated spirit upon his umbilicus. By the use of the method here advocated, induction is singularly easy and successful in good subjects. The struggling stage is either not represented at all, or appears only in the form of the lifting of a limb and a slight occasional pause or catch in respiration. Full anæsthesia is often announced audibly, by the commencement of a gentle “blowing.” Once it is heard, the anæsthetist may rest assured that a workable level of anæsthesia is either present or not far off. Amounts of Ether required. If the above instructions are followed, the amount of ether required is not excessive. Anæsthesia is attained after the use of about 1½ to 2 ounces of ether and one or two drams of mixture. The next forty to fifty minutes demand about another four or five ounces of ether; no mixture at all. Some practice, is required before these small figures are attained. The more practice, the less ether is required. III.--VAPOUR ANÆSTHESIA. In a sense, all forms of ether anæsthesia are vapour methods, but in all the forms so far described, the patient has to vapourise the drug for himself: in a true vapour anæsthesia this is done for him, and the mixture of air and ether vapour propelled towards him. One of the keenest advocates of this method is Dr Gwathmey, of New York. He lays great stress also upon the necessity of warming the vapour, claiming that this measure will prevent the loss of heat to the patient incidental to the warming up in the air passages of the cold vapour usually supplied by other methods; but the results of the laboratory experiments upon which Gwathmey founded his case are inapplicable to the human subject, in that they were performed upon dogs and cats, which lose heat largely from the mouth and air stream. Man is not a hairy animal, and transacts most of his thermolysis through the medium of his skin. None the less, warming the vapour of ether has value since the process removes some of the irritant effects so marked in the case of cold ether vapour. Apparatus for the Vapour Method.