=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green; leaf-scars prominent. =Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long; petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short, smooth; stipules and stipels none. =Inflorescence.=--May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft. =Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long as the body. =Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich, moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape and street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth, freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage. As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXIII.--Fraxinus Americana.] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flowers. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. =Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.= _Fraxinus pubescens, Lam._ RED ASH. BROWN ASH. RIVER ASH. =Habitat and Range.=--River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams and ponds. New Brunswick to Manitoba. Maine,--infrequent; New Hampshire,--occasional, extending as far north as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,--common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); occasional in other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--sparingly scattered throughout; Connecticut,--reported from East Hartford, Westville, Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop). South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri.