=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations, especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted; suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low price. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE X.--Abies balsamea.] 1. Branch with flower-buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Branch with fertile flowers. 4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side. 7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side. 8-9. Leaves. 10-11. Cross-sections of leaves. =Thuja occidentalis, L.= ARBOR-VITAE. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR. =Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and ponds. Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba. Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New Hampshire,--mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county, disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common in swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,--Berkshire county; occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley; Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--East Hartford (J. N. Bishop). South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee; west to Minnesota. =Habit.=--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of 3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves. =Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown, marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.