The common type of factory stairway is that designated in Fig. 1. This shows a brick-enclosed stairway with the doors entering it direct from the factory. Such a stairway enclosure as this should have tin-lined doors as at _a_, which fireproof the opening. Even then the security of a stairway of this character is not certain, from the fact that these doors may be left open, and are open to the stairway during the egress of the occupants. With a severe fire, therefore, on any floor, such a stairway is likely to be filled with smoke to suffocation, and liable to ignition from the door openings. It can therefore only be regarded as a makeshift for a fire-escape, or fire-tower. It is also well, in the design of such a stairway, to observe that the doors always open outwards, and not only this, but that they open with the tide of people coming down the stairs. For instance, in the figure the door _a_ is opened correctly, but if the flights of steps marked _down_ and _up_ were transposed, then people coming down the flight _c_ would press against the door at _a_ and prevent the people in the room _d_ from getting out to the stairs and hence to safety. [Illustration: FIG. 2] =8. Enclosed Fire-Escape, or Stair Towers.=—Various designs for brick-enclosed stairways of factory buildings have been recommended at different times by the insurance companies. Two of these designs are designated in Fig. 2 and show the elevator included, as well as the stairway, in the tower. A study of these plans will show that there is no direct communication from the building to the stair tower, and that the only way by which the stair tower may be entered is through an open balcony, which communicates with a door in the side walls of the building, at each floor. The brick-enclosed stair tower is shown in the figure at _a_, the open galleries at _b_, and the door of egress from the factory at _c_. By means of this arrangement, the occupants of each floor can, in case of fire, go through the door in the side wall, on to the open balcony, and into the fire-tower, thence down stairs or elevator to the ground floor and safety. Because of the openness of the balcony, which is surrounded with a strong rail, and partially covered by the gallery above, the fire could hardly be sufficiently great on any floor to make it untenantable, and no smoke or flames could communicate with the fire-tower. [Illustration: FIG. 3] =9. Vestibule Fire-Tower Stairway.=—While the arrangement just described is rational, the fire-tower is of such dimensions as would ordinarily preclude its use in the modern building where ground space is valuable and every inch of surface must be economized.